Relation between Economics and Law Essay

The study of Law without the knowledge of other related social sciences i.e., Political theory, Sociology and Economics, etc, is incomplete. In any law curriculum the study of Economics and Law and their interaction is increasingly found necessary. As Law influence Economics, Economics also influence Law. As a matter of fact Economics forms the basis of the study of Law. Economics reflects the socio-economic ethos of the country in particular and world in general. It becomes out of date and misleading if the Economic ethos change. But it was proved to be wrong by Dalton. The organisation, industrial structure and performance have changed in the thirty years. E.g.: policy goals, policy instrument, Economic institutions. Economics derives its aims and objectives from the study of man and must derive at least a large part of its methodology from a study of Nature. Legal Economics is a vital part in understanding the interactional dimension of Law and Economics, i.e., how modern Economics can be used to illuminate a number of legal problems. It is not sufficiently realised that the economic analysis can aid our understanding of the Law and how economic factors limit and shape the operation of crime control and legal systems. Economic considerations have varied and widespread effects on the costs and benefits that prospective offenders may expect from crime, on decisions to litigate or to settle out to court, on the significance of legal costs the practical problems of legal administration and the provision of legal services. Law and legal policy help to determine the behaviour of the economy. There are extensive legal constraints on the allocation and the distribution of resources and on labour and hou sing markets. The social functions of Law are broadly classified into three: (1) Encouraging good behaviour and discouraging bad behaviour. (2) Facilitating the people to transactions among themselves in organised legal system. (3) Distributing and re-distributing goods and services to the people. Law normally enters the scene in two guises; as public law, and as private law. The range extent of state intervention depends on the socio-economic ethos of each country. Western countries for a long time believed in laissez faire position, i.e. State interference in the economy will lead to misallocation of resources, economic inefficiency and a net wealth loss. Areas of law such as contact, tort and consumer protection legislations have obvious effects on financial dealings. In this changing scenario, there is need for guidance on the economic policy decisions by the legislature and courts which are increasingly involved with policy questions. Policy making courts need a behavioural theory of predict responses to change in Law and to evaluate these responses systematically according to normative standard. Ours is a market-oriented economy based on private enterprise. This implies two conditions- first, that all property can be privately owned and second, that people are economically free, i.e. subject to obedience to the law, they are free to use their time and means as they like. This is however, subject to the laws and regulations made by the society for the general good, otherwise it will lead to social cost. The classical economists, such as Adam Smith and his followers Marshall, Ricardo, Marthus, etc, believed that in a market economy perfect competition operates and through price mechanism (invisible hand) supply and demand of goods and services will reach equilibrium. Therefore, any interference in the market mechanism by the State will lead to economic waste and result in the economic inefficiency. Perfect competition operates only if the following conditions are satisfied: (1) Too many buyers and sellers,. They are price-takers and not price-givers; (2) Full knowledge of the products transacted in the market; (3) Homogeneity of products (product differentiation is not possible); and (4) Nil or negligible transaction costs. However, due to rapid economic development after the Industrial Revolution, the conditions mentioned above did not operate resulting in World Depression and complete collapse of the market system (in 1930’s). In these circumstances, J.M. Keynes, a well known economist propounded a new theory. He said the invisible hand relied upon by classical economists had developed arthritis and the visible hand of the Government was needed to correct the malady. He, therefore, advocated limited State intervention to correct the defects in the market mechanism so that the market operations can be revived and equilibrium achieved. He had faith in the market oriented economy. Later it was realised by the welfare and the third world economists that limited State intervention will not work and full intervention is necessary for the following reasons: (1) Steady increase in the divergence between private goods and social goods, i.e., economic development results in rapid industrialisation which in turn increases the tempo of urbanisation. (2) Rise of monopolies lead to distortion of the price system in the market economy through manipulation of supply of products and selling standard products, etc. (3) Rise of advertisement and propaganda (4) Steady increase in the divergence between private cost and social cost. Therefore, the introduction of a number of laws to protect environmental pollution (air, water and sound) has become necessary. The second feature of the market economy is the protection of property. Possession and ownership of property has been justified in economic theory because it is productive and contributes to economic growth. Propery rights are one of the incentives for efficient resource use. If there are no property rights, only common  rights, then economic behaviour takes a new form. Due to technological revolution and growth, the intangible, aspects of property surfaced and they had to be protected for economic development. Therefore, the definition of property has been widened to include not only physical property but also the intellectual property (i.e. goodwill, patents, copyright, etc). This wider definition of the property is attractive to economists and predates modern work on Demand Theory which in fact focuses on the characteristics of a ‘goods’ rather than the ‘goods’ it. The third feature of the market economy is contract. Under the classical concepts, contract between the two parties are binding and no third party can interfere. This, of course is subject to the exceptions provided in the Contract Act (i.e. contact by minors, lunatics, idiots, etc. Contracts obtained by fraud, coercion, undue influence are all void contacts). In India the sanctity of contract has been given go-by. The Supreme Court in many cases held that court can interfere in the contractual relations. For e.g., Justice Hidayatullah held that: â€Å"Social justice is not based on contractual relations and is not to be enforced on the principles of contract of service. It is something outside these principles, and is invoked to do justice without a contract to back it.† The right to personal security under the welfare State has been given more social interpretation which includes: (1) the right of the worker to be protected against the risk of sickness, unemployment and old age, (2) his right to be protected by social insurance, and (3) His right to enjoy the necessary services of Government loosely called ‘Social Services’. Another area in contract law which made inroads in the concept of ‘sanctity of contract’ is consumer protection law inasmuch as changed role in freedom of contact is viewed as one of the foundations of a well organised society. Broadly, there are four reasons for the use of consumer protection laws: (1) The doctrine of ‘caveat emptor’ does not make sense in the modern world since information is asymmetrically distributed. (2) The free market system does not lead to optional use of resources. (3) The value judgement implicit in the â€Å"devil take the hindmost† attitude to the parting of money from a fool is now much less widely held. The economic consequences of consumer protection laws are- the legislation produces a different outcome with respect to resource allocation, prices and income distribution to that which would otherwise occur, and it results in the companies’ devoting more resources to quality control or even withdraw from some markets resulting in higher market prices and different resource allocation. INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS The marrying of Economics and Law is not new. According to Posner, much of the common law can be explained in economic terms and all branches of common and statue law has been examined in the light of this theory. Empirical research has proved that law has developed according to the economic structure of the country. Economic analysis is part and parcel of several law courses. Besides, there are many courses directly on Economics and Law (Legal Economics). At present it is probably fair to say that most lawyers find it quite difficult to see how they can make use of or even sense of such of the work done by economists on law†¦ however, there are increasing signs of legal writers taking explicit account of economic arguments. There remains however considerable scope for further work on bridging the gaps between the disciplines. The high flown values that legal principles express are examined by legal economists in the light of their efficiency and their social effect and not just their self defined moral content. WHAT IS LAW? : In layman’s language law is the definition and enforcement of ‘social norms’. WHY LAW? : To maintain ‘socio-economic equilibrium’ in the society. If viewed in the static sense, then the preservation of the existing rights in the society is the purpose of the law. That is why positive law defines and defends existing rights in the society. There are three models followed by the non communist countries, i.e. (1) Pure capitalist model in a market economy where the State plays no role and market forces decide how the market operates (2) Mixed Economy model with capitalist orientation, where state plays a minor role, corrects failures in the market operations and leaves the rest to the market forces, and (3) Mixed economy with socialist orientation, where the State plays a major role, i.e., interferes in the market operations not only to correct market failures but also to social justice, not because states are richer, but people have a different concept and expectations from the State. The economic analysis of law is concerned with ‘efficiency’, i.e. rational allocation of scarce resources with lest cost to attain maximum satisfaction. In law, people are concerned with justice only and not about its cost. If there is conflict between efficiency and justice, the nature of trade-offs can be illuminated by economic analysis and since the attainment of justice involves the use of resources, the economic approach can contribute to normative discussions by providing information on the costs of justice. Use of Economics does not predict the impact of law, but to describe and explain the law-to provide it with an economic rationale. The third important feature of economic analysis of law is the resurgence of  Neo-Institutional Approach by making not the transaction, the basic unit of analysis. THE BROAD CHARACTERISTICS OF NEO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH (NIA) ARE: (1) It is Taxonomical. It lists a set of economically relevant categories that are useful for examining the law; (2) It is more micro-analytical. It focuses on the details of the environment in which the transaction takes place and suggests an empirical approach that requires the collection and compilation of relevant data; (3) It rejects market equilibrium analysis and instead places emphasis on the adaptation to disequilibrium; and (4) It investigates specifically institutional phenomena and uses these to develop conceptual categories. Our Constitution works on an economic system and not in vacuum. Ours is a market oriented economy where efficiency is the sole criterion and it has no place for a non economic input like social justice. Thus, there is a conflict between equality and efficiency. In a market economy where efficiency is the sole criterion, law plays a vital role in determining the efficiency of the economic activity it regulates. A law is ‘good’ if it guarantees and promotes economic efficiency and ‘bad’ if it impedes or disrupts it. The common criticism levelled against this approach is that by concentrating only on efficiency, it ignores justice in the sense that market system by encouraging efficiency, tolerates inequality of income and wealth resulting in unequal distribution of economic opportunity, thus violating the core objectives of our Constitution. However, there is a second meaning of justice i.e. in a world of scarce resources, waste or misuse of resources is considered as immoral and good law can prevent the misuse of resources and achieve efficiency and justice. In this approach, both are complementary. As Posner observes, ‘the demand for justice is not independent of its price’. A major contribution of economics is the framework that it gives the lawyer systematically to evaluate legal policy, reveal important trade-offs and interrelationships between legal goals and trace through the probable effects, costs and benefits of different laws. The economic approach not only provides an integrated treatment of the side effects but been responsible for drawing attention to the more subtle and hitherto unrecognised effects. Another contribution of economic analysis of law is that it treats legal rules as a system of incentives and disincentives which influences the actions of potential litigants. The law is seen as guiding the behaviour of groups or individuals and on the assumption of economic rationality the economic model is able to predict the direction of the response. Thus the economists tend to focus on the general effects of law such as the impact on trading behaviour of different contract remedies. This emphasis differs significantly from the way most lawyers are accustomed with grievances and of resolving individual disputes peacefully, fairly and consistently with legal doctrine. Law has also influenced socio-economic policies. â€Å"Laws and legal policy help to determine behaviour of the economy. In this context, Prof Barker observes that, â€Å"If Economic factors and economic interests have partly determined the legal framework, it is even more true that law has furnished the whole general framework of rules within which and under which the factors and interests of economics have had to work†. Legal Reform Legislations, Trust Law, Abolition of Bonded Labour (Art 23(1) of the Constitution), etc. are classical examples of how law has influenced the economic behaviour in the market economy. Legal constraints on the allocation and distribution of resources and on labour and housing markets which affect the economic activities in the market. These aspects have become vital in the globalisation of the economy and revival of the markets with privatisation as the focal point. Prof Paul Burrow said that, â€Å"Economics and Law can provide insights in places where traditional legal analysis fails to penetrate†. It is essentially nature of the two disciplines that makes us optimistic that collaboration between lawyers and economists will be increasingly fruitful in the future. TORT LAW The first topic of our study on the Economic Analysis of Law will be Tort Law because torts were one of the first bodies of Common Law to which formal economic models were applied. The broad features of tort law are: (1) It deals with civil offences only, i.e. trespass, nuisance, defamation, economic loss, etc. (2) it is judge-made law and therefore is flexible (unlike criminal law) (3) Tort Law aims at compensation as opposed to criminal prosecution which aims at punishment. There are three elements in torts: (a) Breach of duty owned to the plaintiff by the defendant; (b) Harm suffered by the plaintiff; and (c) The breach being the immediate or proximate cause of the harm. Breach of duty must give rise to measurable damages, valued in terms of money or moneys’ worth. The four possible bases of the action for damages are: (a) Appeasement; (b) Justice; (c) Deterrence; and (d) Compensation. (1) APPEASEMENT: The objectives of both tort and criminal laws are to encourage good behaviour and discourage bad behaviour. The victim receives money as appeasement and he is pleased that aggressor is discomfited by being made to pay. By this means, the victim is induced to let off stream ‘within the law rather than outside it’. (2) JUSTICE: two variants of this theory are: (a) The principle of Ethical Retribution: the pavement of compensation is an evil for the offender and that justice requires that he should suffer this evil. (b) The Principle of Ethical Compensation: this looks from the point of the victim. The payment of compensation is a benefit to the victim of the wrong and justice requires that he should receive compensation. (3) DETERRANCE: the action in tort is a â€Å"judicial parable† designed to control the future conduct of the community in general. According to Austin, the proximate end of evil action is redress to the injured party; but its remote and paramount end is the same as that of the criminal sanction, the presentation of the offences generally. (4) COMPENSATION: Compensatory or reparative theory demands that one who has caused injury to another must make good the damage whether he was at fault or not. It justifies strict liability. Be that as it may, we are concerned as students of Legal Economics with economic efficiency objectives of tort law. Before that we will discuss briefly the legal objectives of tort. Holmes and later others are of the opinion that tort law has no interests in shifting the loss from the victim of an accident to others unless this serves some special objective, ranging from vindication, preserving the peace by ‘buying off’ the victims, desire  to retaliate, ethical retribution, compensation and deterrence the connected question is whether Common Law imposes liability for failure to resume. This concept has been rejected as not practicable since it is difficult to set limits of social interference with individual liberty. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: it is not concerned with morality or social purpose, etc, as in legal objectives of tort liability. It requires the minimisation of three costs: (a) The losses due to accidents; (b) The cost of preventing the accidents; and (c) The costs of administering a system of accidental law. In the light of the above discussion, we can safely conclude that the Tort Law, in India, is out of date, costly and reliefs meagre. As a result, it is economically inefficient, apart from special injustice caused to many of the victims of civil offences. CONTRACT LAW In a market oriented economy, the core concepts are property and contacts. These are basically, economic concepts, but law regulates them, contracts are devices for facilitating trade and economising costs of making transactions. By trading in promises for future delivery, traders can reduce uncertainty about the future. This requires adequate legal safeguards so that both the parties to the contract are secure and pan their activities accordingly.

Harrison Products Essay

Harrison Products Inc. (HPI) is a global manufacturer of molded plastic products and metal products that are used in the auto industry, food and beverage industry (containers), and in a variety of other products and packaging materials. HPI has several manufacturing plant located world-wide, generally in locations convenient to the company’s most significant customers. The present case considers one of HPI’s products, a one gallon metal can container used for paint and other chemical products. The product is produced in two U.S. locations, Los Angeles, CA, and Youngstown, OH. These plants produce several million of these cans each year. The competitive environment for HPI is challenging. Competitors in all parts of the world challenge HPI on cost, which is the primary order-winning factor in the business. All HPI customers expect very high quality and prompt service, so competition on price and reliability in meeting delivery dates are critical to its competitive success. Operating Data and Strategy HPI has focused its production of the one gallon metal cans in the two plants, in Los Angeles and Youngstown, Ohio. The summary information in Exhibit 1 shows the plant capacity, normal production, price and cost information. Currently, management believes that production costs are driven by volume; management’s goal is to meet competitive cost pressures by increasing volume and improving efficiency to bring costs down. For this reason, product costs are based on volume, as illustrated in Exhibit 1. The unit cost for the Los Angeles plant is $1.10, while the unit cost in the Youngstown plant is $1.00. The cost difference reflects the higher facilities cost at the Los Angeles plant, which is the newer of the two plants. The Los Angeles plant has similar equipment and manufacturing flow design to that of the Youngstown plant, but a key difference is that the Los Angeles plant was designed to be more efficient for smaller job (batch) sizes; the equipment and plant lay-out are con sistent with greater speed in  processing smaller jobs. The decision to design the Los Angeles plant in this way reflected the smaller orders that were generally received by the Los Angeles plant. See Exhibit 2 for a sample of the some of the jobs at the two plants; the exhibit shows a representative sample of 28 jobs for Los Angles and 41 jobs at the Youngstown plant, showing the quantity in each job (job size) and the estimated minutes per 1,000 units for that job. The number of minutes per 1,000 units is a commonly-used measure of job performance at HPI and is called â€Å"runtime.† Product Costs HPI includes manufacturing costs into three main categories. First, there is materials cost that includes the metal and other materials necessary in the production of the cans. These materials are considered direct materials and are $0.40 per unit at each of HFI’s plants. The second category is operating costs which include labor, supervision, some materials used in machine maintenance and repair, materials receiving and stocking, and related costs. Labor costs include runtime labor, setup labor and downtime labor. Operations costs are considered indirect costs and the costing method used is to apply these costs to product based on units of output, as noted above. The two plants have the same per unit operating cost of $0.50. The third category, facilities costs, includes equipment and the plant facility. Because Los Angeles is the newer plant, these costs are higher for Los Angeles, at $0.20 per unit relative to the Youngstown plant, where the facilities cost is $0.10 per uni t. Required: 1.Using the company’s current costing system, calculate the manufacturing cost and operating margin (price less manufacturing cost) for each of the jobs in Exhibit 2, for both the Los Angeles and Youngstown plants. 2.Assume that 20% of operating costs are due to setup costs and that the remainder are runtime costs. HFI is considering an activity-based approach which would apply setup costs to each job; each job would be applied the same amount of setup cost. Calculate the manufacturing cost and operating margin for each of the jobs in Exhibit 2, for both the Los Angeles and Youngstown plants. 3.Assume as above that 20% of operating costs are due to setup  costs and that the remainder are runtime costs. Now, assume that HFI is considering an activity-based approach which would recognize that each setup requires time and material that is partly proportional to the size of the prior job. That is, the part of setup that involves clean-up and preparation of the machine for a new job is longer after a relatively long job than it is for setups that follow a relatively short job. HFI now plans to apply setup costs so that one-half of the setup costs would be applied equally to each job and the remainder of setup costs would be applied based on the number of units in the job. Calculate the manufacturing cost and operating margin for each of the jobs in Exhibit 2, for both the Los Angeles and Youngstown plants. 4.Interpret briefly your findings in parts 1,2 and 3 above. Do you support the setup cost application approach in (3) above? Why or why not? What approach do you think would be preferable? 5.Using analysis based on charts, correlation or regression analysis or other means, study (a) the relationship between runtime and job size at both plants, and (b) examine how this relationship differs between the two plants. What are the implications of these relationships, and how they differ between plants, on (a) product costing, and (b) manufacturing strategy?

Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example Chinese market offers one of the most lucrative investment avenues owing to the rapid economic progress that it made during the recent past. Etisalat- a UAE based telecom company is planning to make an entry into the Chinese market. Being one of the emerging firms in the world offering telecommunication services, the entry of Etisalat into the Chinese market will mark a new beginning in the history of the firm. However, Chinese market poses different types of risks and offer new and unique opportunities therefore it is necessary that Etisalat must do its homework and assess the situation with the help of different strategic frameworks and models in order to gain significant insight into the Chinese market. Etisalat (firm) started its operations in 1976 and primarily served UAE market by providing telecommunication solutions. Over the period of time, however, it became one of the leading telecom services providers in the Middle East Region and expanded its operations in more than 18 countries of Asia, Africa as well as Middle Eastern countries. Serving a total customer base of 94 million, Etisalat is considered as the 13th largest mobile services provider in the world. Such high level of penetration into the market therefore indicates that the firm has the capability and will to expand into new markets to create further value for its shareholders. The majority shareholder is UAE government. (Huawei) Started as a joint venture between the local partners from UAE and Britain’s International Aeradio Limited, Etisalat is now largely owned by the UAE government with 60% shareholding whereas remaining 40% is publically held. It is also because of this reason that Etisalat held the official patronage of being the only firm in UAE allowed to telecommunication services within the country and outside the country. The official support of the firm therefore further increased its

Using Geography to Survive the Zombie Apocalypse Research Paper

Using Geography to Survive the Zombie Apocalypse - Research Paper Example He argues that geography skills are important during this time because it will help people analyze the push and pull factors of migration, or movement, that can help them survive. Push factors refer to elements that make people want to leave the place, while pull factors are factors that make people want to go that place. Hunter (2013) mentioned that some of the pull factors of migration are cities that are connected to other cities, access to resources, such as food, water, reliable shelter, weapons, and transportation, and safety levels. Finally, he explained three steps that can help people analyze their options: (1) identifying points of analysis; (2) finding connections among communities or cities; and (3) finding patterns of movement over these connections. I agree with Hunter (2013) that geography skills will help people survive during the Zombie Apocalypse because they will help examine the movements of people, resources, ideas, and other factors that can help them decide whe re to go, in case it happens. If Zombie Apocalypse happens, the five pull factors that are critical to my movement are: (1) access to basic resources, including weapons and transportation, (2) access to people with ideas on how to survive during these times, (3) existence of safe havens, (4) connection among cities through transportation systems, and (5) availability of open, flat lands. I find access to basic resources important, particularly food, water, shelter, and medicine, because they are critical to survival.

Nontraditional Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nontraditional Families - Essay Example To begin with, non-traditional families are not entirely accepted in the first place; recognizing their adoption rights is an even bigger step. Therefore, this makes the following question a critical and an important one: Should Non-traditional families (including same sex, gay/lesbian couples) be allowed to adopt children Deciding whether or not non-traditional families should be allowed to adopt children is not a simple process. For example, consider a bisexual/homosexual parent, who is the biological father of a child. This parent may divorce his opposite sex spouse and take up living with another male partner. This does not change the fact that father is the biological parent, and that he has his rights to remain in touch with and look after his child. In cases where the divorce opposite sex spouse is incapable of looking after the child, there is little choice but for the child to live with his or her bisexual/homosexual male parent. Also, given that there are a number of people who live together as unmarried couples [heterosexual or homosexual] it is difficult to determine who should and who should not have the right to adopt (Waite, 1995, 483-507). Some states like Florida, for instance, pushed for married couples alone to have the right to adopt children, and this automatically meant that cohabiting couples and homosexual couples would not be able to adopt children. However, it appears that there is more emphasis now on banning homosexual couples as well as individuals from adopting children. Florida law had forbidden adoption by any "homosexual" person. [1977 Fla. Laws, ch. 77-140, 1, Fla. Stat. 63.042(3) (2002)]2. Loften challenged this law, and argued that homosexuals couples were just like unmarried couples [Lofton v. Secretary of the Dept. of Children & Family Services No. 01-16723 (11th Cir. 01/28/2004)]3. Loften was later omitted from the challenge, primarily on the grounds that Loften was not able to establish particular threats to already existing "family integrity" or "private sexual intimacy." States that Particularly Ban Homosexual Couples from Adopting Children: States that particularly bar homosexual individuals or couples from adopting children include Florida, as one can see from the above case, as well as Oklahoma, Mississippi, Nebraska, Utah and Virginia. These states have enacted laws that particularly prevent homosexual individuals or couples from adopting children4. Case Reference in Adoption Refusal to Homosexual Parents: Referring to cases similar to Lofton v. Secretary of the Dept. of Children & Family Services, states do not need to determine that homosexual individuals or couples have greater disadvantages on the upbringing of children, as opposed to heterosexual individuals or couples adopting children. It is thought that it is perhaps better to question the rationality of the decision of whether or not to rule in favor of homosexual individuals and couples wanting to adopt children5. Chances of Developing Married Households: Up till today, it has been widely stressed that it is rational to assert that heterosexual singles have a strikingly higher chance of developing a married household. This is why they are more than likely to provide adopted children with a firm and dual-gender parenting home (Horner, 2002, 472-474). However, it could be argued here that society

Watching TV Makes You Smarter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Watching TV Makes You Smarter - Essay Example While Johnson makes several relevant points about the new TV shows, there is also missing information about the concept of TV allowing children and adults to be smarter. Even though TV may have new and different focal points, the mass media and popular culture is still focused on aspects of dumbing down society. Johnson’s main ideology is one based off the opinion of TV providing a smarter outlook through various programs; however, there is not significant information or definitions on intelligence and the effects that TV has. The main thesis of Johnson’s article is based on the concept of TV and programs which children and adults watch. Johnson believes that, despite the popular analysis of TV that states that programs lead to higher levels of violence and a lack of intelligence, TV is actually helping to provide children and adults with higher levels of intelligence. Johnson believes that this is coming from ideas of approaching difficult situations and questioning how to make right decisions that are attributed to TV. For instance, looking at perspectives of women who have to face an unwanted pregnancy, individuals who are placed in violent or compromising situations, are relevant to turning toward the correct moral decisions. Johnson states â€Å"There may indeed be more negative messages in the mediasphere today. But that’s not the only way to evaluate whether television shows or video games are having a positive impact. Just as important – is the kind of thinking you have to do † (Johnson, 3). The relation to this is based on morality as well as intelligence within the pop culture and TV. The concept of morality and thinking about issues then relates to intelligence that Johnson believes occurs on several levels. There are several statements about concepts such as newer technologies, intricate plot lines and the associations with

Kush dynasty before the 1600 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kush dynasty before the 1600 - Research Paper Example (Mazour, 1993). Though the Kush Dynasty was a separate entity, they were more interested in the Egyptian culture. The major reason behind the invasion of Egypt was Kush Dynasty’s alliance with the Hyskos. During this period, they captured every part of Egypt and at last the entire country came under their control. (Redford, 2006). Kerma was the first place to be captured by the Kingdom of Kush and this was the initial stage of the invasion into Europe. Soon after this, the entire Egypt came under their control. (Torok, 1997). Even though the Egyptian people strived hard to retain their old ruling regimen, they could not succeed. But this did not last for a longer time, since the reunion of the entire country ended up in the eradication of the Kingdom of Kush. (Welsby, 1998). Soon after this, the Kush Dynasty took over Nubia and later on Egypt fell as the prey to Kush Dynasty once again. The Kush kings dominated the country right from the initial parts of Nile, till the Mediterranean coast. This period is often referred to as the Black Period of

Managing Credit Cards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Credit Cards - Essay Example However, there are a few things that go un-noticed. Credit cards come with a premium. Prompt repayments will help avoid undue tension and misunderstandings. Experts believe that the majority of U.S. citizens have at least one credit card, if not two. Credit cards are an important source of identification as well; a credit card is mandatory for renting a car. Used wisely, a credit card provides a cushion on purchases by a long way before charges are levied. But yes, there are a few things to be kept in mind before one considers making a purchase, and there are ways to control the way one uses his/her credit card to avoid heavy debts. The purpose of this study is to find ways to protect students from falling into greater debts by following certain principals. This forms the focus of this paper. Many consumers find themselves in serious trouble over repayment. Only a few are able to take advantage of the benefits offered by credit cards, primarily because they follow the simple procedure of repaying their credit on or before time. Many fall back on the centuries old practice of carrying a balance for months, paying a part of the principal amount and an accrued interest. One thing that they fail to notice is that they could end up paying an all-time high of 23% at some point of time, a huge dent in one's pocket. Most credit card holders are so addicted to using the card that they end up being impulsive buyers. For the record, a survey in 1999 showed that American consumers were charged approximately $1.2 trillion on their general-purpose credit cards! (How Credit Cards Work, Howstuffworks. 2006) This has since gone up considerably. How does the credit card work When a customer uses his/her credit card at a merchant shop, the bank that issued the card, credits the account of the merchant on the sale slip(s) receipts. This amount is then billed to the card holder at the end of the billing period. The cardholder, in turn, pays the bank either the entire amount or in monthly installments with interest. When backlogs on installments occur, the interest increase and repayments become harder. This is one area that credit card users should strive to stay away from. Regular repayments will help stay away from trouble. Credit is an important economic force of great social magnitude. Cultural expectations with rewards for good payment records and sanctions for violating creditor expectations are all too familiar. Thus, promotion of consumer credit and punishment for nonconformity with creditor expectations emerges as a significant dialectical relationship (Klein, 1999). 3.0 Solution to the Problem Students find credit cards extremely user -friendly and handy. Most of their transaction in campus and elsewhere are performed by using a credit card. Students need to avoid unnecessary expenses, such as on clothes, entertainment and travel. Students wanting to get away for the weekend end up hiring automobiles to commute to places away from the campus and incur heavy bills. Students end up paying these bills through their credit cards. Always assess the comfort zone limit of credit that one can avail before embarking on a

Direct and Indirect Qualitative Research Procedures Essay

Direct and Indirect Qualitative Research Procedures - Essay Example Qualitative Research: This allows exploring even the traits like attitudes, perceptions or beliefs. Such research activity requires in-depth study of the subject. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts†. The qualitative research is meant to take care of such situations actually. Quantitative Research: This type of research calls for mathematical modeling and analysis of data collected during the process of research. It is more structured than qualitative and calls for quantification of data together with generalizing the results. Talking about the comprehensive approach adopted during a qualitative research activity, Myers (2002) stated, â€Å"In communicating or generating the data, the researcher must make the process of the study accessible and write descriptively so tacit knowledge may best be communicated through the use of rich, thick descriptions†. The qualitative research, in turn , is further divided into two types namely; Direct research and Indirect research. Though at times, both these types appear to lead in a similar direction, yet the procedures with which research is carried out often brings out many differences amongst these two types. While comparing these two approaches we find that; The direct approach to qualitative research is a non-disguised method while the indirect approach happens to be somewhat disguised. Qualitative research has the potential to go into different aspects of the subject in detail.  ... The difference is more apparent in the figure shown below; Qualitative research has the potential to go into different aspects of the subject in detail. Meredith et al (1989) feels that often research of this kind lends itself to the semi-structured, open ended type of interview to enable interviewees to expand on what they consider to be important and to frame those issues in their terms. In direct qualitative research in-depth interview is the norm. The focus group approach requires that we prepare a focus group well in advance to carry out the research. The group is prepared with the help of a selected few research participants. This is more like a brain storming session. The topic is discussed amongst the focus group with the help of a moderator from amongst the focus group participants only. Subsequently, the group interview is conducted and a final report is prepared by the researcher based on the outcomes of the discussion. On the other hand the depth interviews imply that one-to-one interviews are held amongst the researcher and the research participants. The researcher is supposed to solicit information from the research participant during the interview and accordingly prepare the databank. Burgess (1982) points out that such interview allows the researcher to probe deeply in order to find out 'expansive' responses, which often helps in uncovering previously unknown details so that a direction is also provided to future researchers. In the indirect method on the other hand the research participants are encouraged to come out with their own versions and understandings about the issue/s being taken up by the researcher. The respondents are supposed to 'project' their feelings or attitudes about the situation. In direct qualitative

Analyzing Concerns in Preemployment Testing Assignment

Analyzing Concerns in Preemployment Testing - Assignment Example A libel suit, therefore, arises from the defamatory stories that the complainant accuses the former employer for spreading against him. In this case, it would be perceived as a labor dispute (Walsh, 2013). In this scenario of drug use, I believe that the person in fault is the office worker for having negligently acted towards the recording of such a statement against one of their employees. She, in fact, acknowledged that the statement about the positive drug test was a ‘mistake on her part’. First, they argue that the former employer has defamed their names and tarnished their reputation by allegedly linking them to a positive drug test which was not the case. In reality, the office employee who was tasked with the reporting of the same is the one who had erred. Second, they argue that the alleged altercation at the truck stop did not happen as even the official records of an arrest or even proof that it happened could not be traced. Third, the complainant argues that it is, therefore, out of context for the prospective employer to refuse to hire or employ him based on these allegations from the former employer, which have no basis as none can be proved or accounted for. In general, the complainant distances himself from any arrests which might have been recorded against his name. The prospective employer defends itself from the allegations of refusing to hire the truck driver based on the reports they get from the former employer, to which they take as true. This is because the former employer has not denounced them as false. On its part, regarding the arrests, the former employer defends itself by stating that it had received several reports that the driver had been implicated in an altercation with another driver at a truck stop and put the information in the driver’s personal file. However, no mention is made of the authenticity of the reports the employer records to which the

What the Number of Cars Will Be in the Future Essay Example for Free

What the Number of Cars Will Be in the Future Essay With the development of society and improvement of economic conditions, more and more families have the ability to afford cars. But what the number of cars will be in the future? Is it safe to reach the conclusion that there will be fewer cars in use than there are today in 20 years? In my opinion, its possible and the reasons are as follows. Just imagine which of the following two worlds you would prefer: Option one is that you are living in a place where the sky is grey and the river is yellow. Every day you have to breathe the air with many harmful fumes. Option two is that the environment you live is beautiful. There are many trees and flowers around the lake. You can listen to the birds singing in the sky and watch fish swimming in the lake. Wouldnt you feel more comfortable and more enjoyable if you choose option two? Nowadays, more and more people begin to realize that the waste fume from the car exert bad influence on the environment and thus take many actions to limit the number of cars, such as taking subway instead of driving a car. Therefore, there will be fewer cars in use in the near future. Besides the improving concern of environmental protection, the reduction of the number of cars is also from the increasing number of old people. For instance, my family had 2 cars in the past, one belonged to my dad and one belonged to my grandpa. As the increasing of age, my grandpa felt that he could no long have the energy to drive a car. So he sold his car and now my family share one car. Nowadays, the entire world is entering an aging era. Hence, more and more old people will not be able to drive a car and the number of cars will come down. Whats more, the government may also play a role in assistance to the reduction of cars. Because of the frequency happening of the traffic jam. To sum up, because of the improvement concern of environmental protection and the becoming older of the population, I believe that there will be fewer cars in use in 20 years.

War in Central America Essay Example for Free

War in Central America Essay Central America is the southernmost part of the North American continent. It lies south south of Mexico and form the land connection with South America. Central America is commonly defined as including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The total land area is roughly 200,000 square miles (518, 000 km2), about three-fourths that of Texas. Central America is long and narrow, tapering to a width of barely 30 miles (48km) in parts of Panama. On the east is the Caribbean Sea, on the west, the Pacific Ocean. Both coasts are deeply indented in places, and offshore islands are numerous, especially in the Caribbean. The land is mostly mountainous, with scattered active volcanoes. Except for the coastal plains, which are narrow in most places, there is little flat land (Woodward, 1999). In the early 1900’s, there was unrest in several Central American countries. The United States intervened militarily in the region several times to restore order and protect its interests. After World War II, most Central American countries had dictatorial governments. In 1951, the Organization of Central American States was formed to promote economic and cultural cooperation among the countries. One of its achievements was the creation of the Central American Market in 1960. Cooperation began to break down, however, when national antagonists started to resurface in the late 1960’s. Many of the countries experienced violence between the left- and right- wing political factions, as well as guerrilla insurgencies, inflation, and foreign debt (Woodward, 1999). Political turmoil increased in the 1980’s. Nicaragua’s government was controlled by a leftist group called the Sandinistas, which restricted political freedom in Nicaragua and was accused of supporting a strong Communist insurgency in El Salvador. The United States began giving aids to rebels called contras, who were trying to overthrow the Sandinista regime. There were also abuses of human rights and restrictions of political freedom in other countries in the region. In 1987, the governments of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica signed an agreement designed to end the region’s civil wars and foster democracy. The author of the agreement, Costa Rican president Oscar Arias, received the Nobel Peace Prize (Woodward, 1999). This paper discusses and compares two countries of Central America, Guatemala and Panama, focusing on the challenges for democratic consolidation and economic development. II. Background A. Guatemala Guatemala or republic of Guatemala is an independent country of Central America. Its borders Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador and lies between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Guatemala has an area of 42, 042 square miles. Maximum distances are roughly 280 miles north-south and 250 miles east-west. Narrow lowlands run along the pacific and Atlantic coasts. Between them lie the highlands, covering about half of the country. Dominant features are mountains, volcanoes, high plateaus, broad basins, and many valleys. Forests are one of Guatemala’s richest resources. The Atlantic lowland and the Peten are largely covered by tropical rain forests. Savannas predominate along the drier pacific coast. The highlands are covered by grasslands and forests that are deciduous at low elevations and coniferous higher up. B. Panama Panama or Panama City or Republic of Panama is a city and the capital of the republic. It is on the bay of Panama at the Pacific end of the Panama Canal, 38 miles southeast of Colon on the Atlantic. The city’s economy is largely supported by the canal and by tourists. Products include furniture, beer, handicrafts, and clothing. Panama is a hilly country crossed by several mountain ranges, the highest of which are in the west. Near the Costa Rican border is Volcan Baru, an extinct volcano rising 11, 401 feet above sea level. III. Discussion A. Guatemala †¢ Government Under the constitution of 1985, which went into effect in 1986, Guatemala is a republic governed by a president and one-chamber Congress, both elected for four years popular vote. A council of ministers is appointed by the president. The judiciary is headed by a nine-member into 23 administrative departments. Voting is mandatory for all literate citizens age is 18 or over (Grandin, 2000). †¢ History The Maya Indians inhabited Guatemala as early as 2400 B. C. They developed an advanced civilization and flourished there, but declined after 900 A. D. In the 16th century, the Mayas were subdued by Spaniards under Pedro de Alvarado. He governed the captaincy general of Guatemala, which included all Central America except Panama. For nearly three centuries the region was under Spanish rule (Lovell, 2002). In 1821, the five provinces making up captaincy general of Guatemala declared their independence, but the next year they became part of the New Mexico Empire under Agustin de Iturbide. When Iturbide was driven from power in 1823, the province gained independence as a confederation called the united provinces of Central America. During 1838-39, the confederation collapsed. Guatemala became an independent state in 1839 (Grandin, 2000). Rafael Carrera, leader of the conservative forces that helped to bring about dissolution of the confederation, made himself president of Guatemala in 1844 ands became the dominant political figure in Central America. In 1854, he was made president for life. He died in 1865. Vicente Cerna, one of Carrera’s generals, succeeded him as president but was overthrown in 1871. General Justo Rufino Barrios, a liberal, came to power in 1873, and the nation made economic progress under his rule. He was killed in 1885 in a war with El Salvador, while attempting to set up a union of Central American states. In 1898, Manuel Estrada Cabrera became president. In 20th century, Estrada Cabrera ruled as a despot for 22 years. He favored the wealthy classes and encouraged industrial development. He was overthrown in 1920. Relative order prevailed until 1930, when economic depression led to another uprising. In 1931, General Jorge Ubico came to power. Under his dictatorship, order was maintained and economic stability restored. In 1944 an alliance of students, liberals, and dissident members of the army forced Ubico out of office and seized control of the country. Many social and economic reforms were introduced by presidents Juan Jose Arevalo and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. During their presidencies, Communist influence in the government began to grow. When Arbenz instituted land reforms and encouraged the growth of labor unions, his opponents claimed that he was under Communist control. The army, with covert aid from the United States, overthrew Arbenz in 1954 and outlawed the Communist party. Two corrupt and largely ineffective military dictatorships followed (Grandin, 2000). In 1963, Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia led a successful revolt. He governed by decree, but promised to hold elections after a new constitution was enacted. The constitution took effect in 1965 and a civilian government was elected. In attempted economic and social reforms, but its programs were blocked by resistance from conservative businessmen and wealthy landowners. Reform was also delayed by a civil war that raged for several years between Communist guerrillas and the army. Both sides used terrorism, including assassinations and kidnappings. In the 1970’s a series of conservative military governments held power and suppressed the insurgents. A presidential election was held in 1982. Soon after, the government was overthrown by the army, whose leaders promised a return to democracy. A new constitution was approved in 1985, and later that year Marco Vinicio Cerezo was elected president. †¢ Economy Guatemala’s economy is still in an early stage of development. Private enterprise prevails; government regulation is negligible. A small group controls most of the nation’s wealth, while the vast majority of the people, especially the Indians, live in extreme poverty. Guatemala is largely an agricultural country, one favored by a diverse climate and rich soils, especially the volcanic soils of the highlands. Peasant landholdings are usually small and crudely worked, but provide a livelihood, at the subsistence level, for most of the people. Corn and beans are the main crops. In contrast, commercial plantations specialize in export crops and are generally large, modern, and owned. Coffee is the leading export; cotton ranks second. Bananas, sugar, and meat are also significant exports. Livestock consists mainly of beef cattle, sheep, and pigs (Grandin, 2000). B. Panama †¢ Government Under the constitution of 1972, and later amendments, Panama is a republic. The president, assisted by a cabinet, exercises executive power. He is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may not serve consecutive terms. The legislature consists of the National Legislative Council (the upper house). Members of both houses are popularly elected. Assembly members serve four-year terms; Council members serve for six years. The judiciary is headed by a supreme court of nine justices, appointed by the president for 10-year terms. Each of the nine provinces is headed by an appointed governor and is divided into municipal districts. Panama has a military force known as the National Defense Force (Hedrick, 2000). †¢ History The Caribbean coast of Panama was explored by a Spanish expedition under Rodrigo de Bastidas about 1500. The region was inhabited by several tribes of Indians, the Cuna being the largest. In 1502, Christopher Columbus sailed along the coast to the central part of the isthmus and claimed the area for Spain. The northern coast of Panama was the location of the first Spanish settlement on the mainland. In 1509, the Spanish government issued licenses to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa to settle the regions explored by Bastidas and Columbus. The first colonies were established in 1510 at San Sebastian (on what is now the northern coast of Colombia) and Nombre de Dios. They did not flourish, however, because of disease, famine, and conflicts with the Indians. The first successful settlement, Santa Maria, was founded in 1510, when Vasco Nunez de Balboa convinced the settlers at San Sebastian to move to a new location on the west shore of the Gulf of Darien. The Indians at the new site were quickly subdued and Balboa became governor of the new colony. In 1513, balboa made his way across the isthmus and discovered the Pacific (Hedrick, 2000).

Case Study Of Meningococcal disease Essay

Case Study Of Meningococcal disease Essay As a paramedic attending a patient it is important that all presenting conditions, signs and symptoms are adequately assessed using the tools available to paramedics. Along with the assessment a thorough history must be obtained to identify the main presenting problem so appropriate management and treatment can be implemented. Through the limited information provided it has been determined that the patient is presenting with signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease. Patient presentation of meningococcal disease will generally present with typical triad of symptoms such as fever, intense headache and altered conscious state. However one of the clearest and most important signs of meningococcal is the petechial or purpuric rash on the trunk and limbs. Other signs and symptoms of meningococcal are joint pain, photophobia, general malaise and lethargy, hypotension and/or tachycardia (Victorian Department of Health, 2009). Meningococcal disease has two main clinical presentations which are meningitis which is an inflammation or infection of the meninges and affects the cerebrospinal fluid within the subarachnoid space. The second presentation is septicaemia which is a systemic infection present in the blood caused by an infection which started in another part of the body (Harris, Nagy Vardaxis, 2006). Meningococcal disease can occur at any age with babies and young children under the age of five at most risk, it should be noted that susceptibility decreases with age however there can be a secondary peak of infection which occurs in adolescents and young adults aged between 15 24 years of age (Victorian Department of Health, 2009). As our patient is presenting with the classic signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease and is within the relevant age group for increased susceptibility it is important that as paramedics we treat the patient in accordance with the clinical practice guidelines keeping the pay off principle in mind. Meningococcal disease can result in death from cardiovascular failure or increased intracranial pressure. Treatment of meningococcal in accordance with Ambulance Victoria Clinical Practice Guidelines is to confirm meningococcal septicaemia by confirming a purpuric rash, headache, fever, joint pain, altered conscious state, hypotension and/or tachycardia. Ceftriaxone is to be given either intramuscularly or intravenously and is considered as a chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal as it has excellent activity against Neisseria species. Neisseria meningitides is the bacteria which causes meningococcal infection (Ambulance Victoria, 2009). Differential Diagnoses Encephalitis is a viral infection of the brain which may occur after an infection such as chickenpox, measles or influenza. Clinically there is little difference between encephalitis and meningococcal disease as they both present with a headache, fever and altered conscious state, however a patient with encephalitis will have seizures and paralysis and no purpuric rash. Further investigations at hospital such as a CT scan, lumbar puncture and spinal fluid analysis is required to definitively diagnose a patient with suspected encephalitis. (Cameron, Jelinek, Kelly, Murray, Brown, 2009) Subarachnoid haemorrhage a patient presenting with a subarachnoid haemorrhage will be complaining of a severe headache and may present with an altered conscious state with lucid intervals, neck stiffness and abnormal pupils. Syncope and seizures are common along with hypertension and bradycardia. As our patient is not presenting with seizures, abnormal pupils, hypertension or bradycardia then as paramedics we may be able rule out a subarachnoid haemorrhage however it is strongly recommended that further investigations at hospital occur to definitively rule out a subarachnoid haemorrhage (Caterino Kahan, 2003). Heat Stroke is when the bodys core temperature is above 40Â °C. A patient will present with an altered conscious state, high body core temperature, tachycardia and anhidrosis. A rash may be present due to the blockage of sweat glands. Based on the information provided our patient is exhibiting a fever and further investigation such as obtaining a detailed history of activities (prolonged heat exposure) and taking a tympanic temperature would need to undertaken to rule out possible heat stroke (Caterino Kahan, 2003). CVA/Stroke there are two classifications of stroke. The most common stroke is the ischemic stroke which occurs when cerebral blood flow is interrupted and the second most common is hemorrhagic stroke. The patient will present with a headache, decreased conscious state, progressive deficits such as parethesias, visual disturbances and numbness. Information provided indicates that our patient does not have progressive deficits however as paramedics we would rule out stroke by referring to using the FAST stroke assessment on the patient (Kahan Ashar, 2009). Anaphylaxis is a severe overwhelming systemic allergic reaction which presents with urticaria, angiodema, nausea and vomiting, respiratory distress, poor perfusion and altered conscious state leading to loss of consciousness. A thorough history from the patient would indicate any past history of allergies or anaphylactic reactions. As our patient has no past history and limited clinical presentations of anaphylaxis, then treatment of the patient should be in accordance with the main presenting problem (Caterino Kahan, 2003). Migraine/headache a patient suffering from a migraine will present with dull and deep pain which is exacerbated during movement of the head. The patients conscious state is not affected and the patient will often have a past history of the illness (Cameron et al., 2009). Assessment Tools Kernigs sign and Brudzinskis sign are to be used in conjunction with each other in determining meningism. However it should be noted that these signs are only present in 50% of suspected adult cases. Kernigs sign is performed with the patient lying supine with legs raised and the knee is to be extended. Failure to extend the knees is considered to be a positive sign of meningism due to the spasming of the hamstrings. Brudzinskis sign is when the head is flexed causing the thighs and knees to also flex. These signs are thought to be caused by irritable motor root nerves which pass through the inflamed meninges causing tension in the roots (Cameron et al., 2009). The Meningitis Research Foundation and the Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee in the United Kingdom have developed an identification and management protocol of meningococcal septicaemia for ambulance personnel. The protocol starts with the assessment of airway, breathing, circulation and conscious state and then includes exposure and observation which is a simplistic secondary survey that primarily looks for a rash. The protocol states that the rash will be purpuric and will not fade or blanche if a glass is pressed firmly against rash, the rash will remain visible through the glass. Other signs and symptoms are given such as raised respiratory effort, tachycardia, poor capillary refill, vomiting/nausea, painful joint and limbs as often not all signs and symptoms will be present. Management of the patient with suspected meningococcal septicaemia in accordance to the protocol is as follows: High flow oxygen (assisted ventilations as required) Load patient and transport to nearest hospital. Give benzylpenicillin in transit (Infant 300mg, small child 600mg, large child adult 1200mg) Treat for shock during transport with a bolus of crystalloid (children 20ml/kg and adult 250ml bolus). Re-assess vital signs before repeating dose. It should be noted that no more than 3 boluses of crystalloid for children and a maximum of 2 litres for adults. Alert hospital of patient and give relevant history. Benzylpenicillin commonly known as penicillin G is used as it is an antibiotic considered to be the gold standard of penicillin to be used for the treatment of group B streptococci, non- ÃŽÂ ² lactamase producing staphylococci (Meningitis Research Foundation, 2008). Conclusion As paramedics this assignment highlights the importance of obtaining a thorough past history, current history and chief complaint, vital sign statistics and any other relevant information such as temperature, medications and secondary surveys to ensure that an accurate assessment of the patient can occur. A thorough assessment allows the paramedic to implement the right management and treatment for the patient until they reach definitive care and treatment at a hospital.

The Importance of Loss in Scott Fitzgeralds Winter Dreams Essay

The Importance of Loss in Scott Fitzgerald's Winter Dreams      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the traditional Romance narrative, there is some desirable object whose consummation is the driving preoccupation of the text's protagonist. The aspiration of the Romantic hero is to capture that elusive object that will, nevertheless, consistently out-strip him. These heroes are intimately acquainted with the pain of the loss and suffer deeply for feeling so acutely. However, loss itself, is essential to the equation and is, in fact, a large portion of what establishes the thing as desirable.    In the texts of traditional Romanticism the individual has preeminence, and his or her subjective psychological experience with the loss in question is the major concern. The realization that Romantic subject's drama plays itself out against the backdrop of a system in which the value of a thing is directly proportionate to its scarcity, is the first step beyond traditional Romanticism. Realist texts are conscious of the shaping influence that the socio-political has on the individual's ideology - They are consciousness of the impact of Capitalism. The industrialization of that era (late 19th, early 20th century), and the subsequent commodification of everything, creates the crisis of self. The central questions that arises in these contexts concerns the extent to which the individual can be perceived as individual, capable of imaginative aspirations outside the economic determinism of his society. The central question to Realist authors is: Are we dealing with the loss o f actualized selves or merely cogs, and if the latter is the case, what have we lost?    With this question still relatively unanswered, Scott Fitzgerald's "Wi... ...ve (though not the grief itself). He wants to care. Fitzgerald makes his readers care about "the loss of illusions that give such color to the world" - those exquisite "winter dreams" (Preface, Gatsby XV). He compels us to ask the two great Keatsian questions: Was it a vision, or a waking dream? Fled is that music:- Do I wake or sleep? Ode to the Nightingale, Stanza 8    Bibliography Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Winter Dreams." in The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. 4th Edition. New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. 2125 - 2141. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1925. Hegel, G.W.F. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. New York: Continuum, 1990. Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.

Postmodernism Essay -- Art History

Postmodernism Postmodernism blends old themes with new contemporary issues to create beautiful artwork that commands, questions, and captivates all viewers to participate in discovering its inner meaning. Along with an inner meaning and beauty, it was used as a form of communication that was directed towards social, political, and cultural problems within the world. An architect Robert Stern states, â€Å" The fundamental shift to post-modernism has to do with the reawakening of artists in every field to public responsibilities of art. Once again art is being regarded as an act of communication.† (Wilkin, Schultz, Linduff, â€Å"Art Past Art Present, p.579) The postmodern era emancipated its artists from old traditional barriers that bounded them. The belief that everything could be used to produce art was used to the fullest. For instance, mediums like photography, computer animations, and movies. Even non-precise metals like steel, aluminum, and iron were used along side w ith gold and silver. Technology was a great medium that was also utilized, as newer and improved technology was developed some one would utilize it to immortalize his/her artwork. One of the well-known artists of the postmodern era was Jean-Pierre Yvaral. Jean utilized technology called digital imaging to manipulate pictures and transform them into his own creative art pieces. A well-known publicized piece Jean created was called â€Å"Mona Lisa Synthetisee.† (Fiero 4th Edition â€Å"The Humanistic Tradition† p.159) Blending the old with a twist of the new, Jean took the Mona Lisa, which was created by Leonardo da Vinci and cropped out only her head and digitized it to produce a perspective like image. This image had four sides, right and left, top and bo... ...sm era produced many more than two fine artists that have been depicted here in this essay. There is one thing that all of them have in common though, each and every piece of work they produce has similar qualities. They all communicate a message that handles social, political, and cultural problems. How they communicate their message is solely up to the artist, because they are not bound by limitations, but there own creativity. As for the next movement it too will be filled with influences of the postmodern era as the influences of previous movements have influence postmodernism. Bibliography 1. Fiero, Gloria K. â€Å"The Humanistic Tradition,† 4th Edition, published by McGraw-Hill  © 2002 2. Wilkins, David G., Schultz Bernard, Linduff, Katheryn M. â€Å"Art Past Art Present,† 3rd Edition, published by Prentice Hall, Inc and Harry N. Abrams, Inc.  © 1997

The Kingdom Of God Essay -- Religion Theology Christian Christianity e

Pearl gates, marble stairs and a throne of gold, or an inner area in the hidden depths of our own soul? Which can describe the true kingdom of God, a real physical world or a place that is only seen in ones hearts. Some would say it to be a place above man, built by God to be a home for peoples' souls after death. Others might say that it is no more than a place inside us that can only be reached through the right decisions and acts of kindness. A place that is not seen or discussed but only felt in a way that is incomparable to any feeling ever felt by the living. Yet while people retain their own images of the Kingdom of God the Bible itself gives a subtle definition through a series of parables or short stories, told by Jesus in order to pass along the message of who is God and what is the kingdom of heaven. Jesus, through his sayings and parables showed that the kingdom was being revealed in his own life and work. He preached his message of the coming of the kingdom through memorable stories, which in his day could and did relate to things of everyday life. Though most of Jesus' followers didn't recognize the kingdom till after his death it was still brought to them by the Holy Spirit with a full understanding of his word and actions. Yet it was evidently difficult for them to understand before his death due to the previous ideas of the kingdom as a whole. Like many people of today those in Jesus' time viewed Gods' kingdom as a place above them yet unlike people today thought more literal terms actually believing that God was above them and was looking down on them. Even now, when in prayer, one may have a tendency to look up at the heaven in reverence since next to God it is the most endless, unexplainable thing in the world. Yet people are still able to know that as they look up they see God just the same as if they shut their eyes in prayer were to the people of Jesus' time God was seen as truly sitting above them in his kingdom in which only those who follow the laws exactly would ever see.To truly understand the kingdom of God people have to have ways to describe it. One type of description used is the Kingdom as the redemptive or saving presents of God. By this one would say that the kingdom is seen through the natural love, kindness, and common curtsy people show each other ever day. Through these acts Gods redemptive prussic an d the grow... ...temptations arise, so many chance to fall into greed and hatred yet to resist everyday, to say no to the things we want so bad but will only mean trouble for us is and always has been the real challenge. So maybe I don't do great deeds or save the world from evil but I can save myself from it, I can chose not to do wrong and I can certainly take those small steps closer to the kingdom god has waiting for me to find. I feel that right now in my life I am a "Kingdom person." God and I have our disagreements at times but all-in-all I do all I know how to do to be the best person I can be. I don't always go out of my way to help those who may like it but I will give my life to help any one who needs it. So as a person of God I feel that right now I am a "Kingdom person."The Kingdom of God is a place yet not a place. It is here but not yet. It is to be found and looks to find us. And no matter who you are or what you believe the kingdom is, if one lives right, follows their heart and does as all men were given the right to do, which is chose God, what ever they feel is the utmost beauty of Gods creations. For it is one's faith that will lead him and what he has faith in he'll find.

Nursing Field

Christina Leach Term paper November 9, 2010 English 8 Credit Recovery I. Introduction A. Why I have chosen this career? 1. Interested in this field 2. The helping of others II. The job A. Requirements 1. Schooling 2. Volunteer hours B. Expectations 1. Practice III. Different fields & pay rates A. Kinds of nurses B. There requirements (what extra classes they may need to take) C. The pay rates for different fields of nursing. Becoming a nurse or helping people has always been something I’ve enjoyed most, this is why I’ve chosen nursing as an interest in my life.The thing that made me interested in this field, I would have to say: the parts of making someone feel better; I especially would like to work with elderly, and disable people, and children. Something else that may have persuaded me in this direction would have to be my older sister, this is something that she enjoys doing as a career and she tells me how she enjoys making a difference in people life and helping e lderly and disable people.Another reason is that I have worked with a disable person before as a part time job and this was something I liked doing because you never know what to expect out of a days work and there’s something new that you learn day by day. There are many types of nurses in the field, to name a few they are: practice nurses, clinical nurses, specialists, nurse anesthetists, nurse-midwives and nurse practitioners all these nurses require a master’s degree. The type of nurse I would like to become or that I am interested in are the ones I am going to write about here starting with a CNA (Certified Nurse Assistance). University of Phoenix 1). What is a certified Nurse Assistant? A Certified Nurse Assistant is a nurse assistant or nursing aide who has undergone training programs and successfully earned a certificate. Upon completing this program, a certified nurse assistant is placed on the state’s registry of nursing aides. CNA provides direct pati ent care both medical and non0medica; they are also supervises by registered nurses and often by assists LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse) in a hospital setting.A certified nurse work duties may include the following: taking vital signs, helping with some medical procedures, assisting patients while walking or using the rest room, tidying patients rooms, answering call lights, making beds, delivering messages, mentoring patient and reporting changes in the patients mood or the different way they may act, collecting samples for setting, providing patient hygiene, feeding or dressing the patients and also record the patients in and out put. They may work in different kinds of facilities like hospitals, out patient facilities, long term care facilities, and clinics and in home care.One of the other types of nurses I would like to talk about is LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse). An LPN are the certified healthcare providers who are responsible for providing basic patient care, working under t he supervision of the physicians and registered nurses. Both provide services in all kinds of health care facilities such as private and public hospitals, offices of doctors, small healthcare settings and many other places like this. Something else that they are required to do is carry out their job duties under the supervision of either an RN or a certified doctor.An LPN has to collect information from the patients to admit them; regarding medical records, medical insurance details and any other pretreatments formalities. A LPN is the one who records health details of the patients, which usually comprise blood pressure, body temperature, respiration and heart beat rate and other vital signs. The next one I would like to talk about is an RN. Registered nurses work duties but may vary depending on the specialty; however in most cases the nurse is responsible for the daily care of any admitted patient.This can include medication settings, IVs, giving shots, updating records, providing educational support, basic diagnostics, and any other patient procedures. Physically nurses could be a major taxing career because of the requirements in this field, such as working, lifting patients, stretching, bending, and also it may require long days and varies different schedules. Another thing is that the nurses that are employed by the hospital or extended hours the facilities that frequently working twelve hour shifts or are on call duties. They may even have to work night, weekends or maybe even holidays. University of Phoenix2) The education that is required to become a CNA is Medical and Health Professions Studies, Nursing Assistant or Patient Care Assistant Studies and Nursing profession. The minimum eligibility requirements must be a high school graduate or have completed the GED. (University of Phoenix2) There are different types of degrees, there’s a masters degree which would involve taking a Master of Science in Nursing, MS in Nursing- Family Nurse Practiti oner, MS in Nursing-Informatics, MS in Nursing and Health Administration, MS in Nursing and Health Care Education MS in Nursing and MBA in Health Care Management.For a bachelor degree which would involve taking BS in Health Administration, LPN to BS in nursing, LVN to BS in nursing, RN to BS in nursing. For an associate you would need just an AA in Health Care Administration. And for non degree you would need to take a Post Masters certificate-Family Nursing practitioner, Nursing Health Care Education Certificate. (LPN programs1) The way to start out with becoming a LPN is to finish a training program, which can be found in vocational schools or community colleges.This training can take up to one year and would require a GED or high school degree. The programs that you want to enroll in need to be approved or accredited by your state’s Board of Nursing so that you can be qualified to practice the professions after graduation. The (LPN prgrams2) LPN programs can take up to 1-2 years, which also includes training at any community hospital or health care facility. The courses that you would be taking will include a CPR class, psychiatric nursing, and nutrition, medical surgical nursing, medical calculation, pediatric nursing, physiology, and anatomy.After you complete your LPN Degree Requirements, you will need to pass a certified exam called NCLEX-PN. (BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS5) As for an RN there are three different paths: Bachelor’s of science degree in nursing (BSN), and associate degree in nursing (AND), and a diploma. The BSN programs are offer by colleges and universities, which can take up to 4 years to complete. As for AND program, which is offered by community and junior colleges can take up to 2 or 3 years to complete.And as for the diploma program, you can administer in hospitals and this can take up to3 years to complete. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS6) to obtain a license in this area you must pass the National Council Licensure Examinat ion or is also known by the NCLEX-RN test. Now salary wise and CNA makes $8 to $16 an hour. The median wage that a CNA can make is $12 an hour but hospitals in major cities often pay more than facilities in smaller centers. For an LPN can earn 16. 48 per hour and the median wage they can earn is 19. 1 per hour but the most that an LPN can make an hour is 22. 85 per hour. And as for a RN, an RN can make 25. 54 per hour. The median wage that an RN can make per hour is 30. 70 and the most would be 37. 05 per hour. Each level of nursing makes different amounts hourly depending on how experienced you are in the career. I chose this career because I enjoy helping others and it’s a career that will always be around no matter what and nurses will always be needed. Work Cited Rios, Samantha J. Personal Interview. 27, Oct. 2010

Christopher Columbus a Villain Essay

Should a man whose actions created a dither of genocide and killed thousands of innocent natives be considered a hero? In todays time, Christopher capital of Ohio is known through the coupled States as the one who found the rustic we currently live in. But is that genuinely true? Over more years, his muniment has sparked a day that is a retrospect of his disc overy. I look at that he is the mastermind behind the genocide of over 250,000 Native the Statesns, while others believe that he was only a man with a passion for exploring. I personally believe that Christopher Columbus had not a individual(a) good intention when he startle stepped foot on the the Statess back in his time and showed negative glory for his nation, stripping and personal glory.Christopher Columbus found the Americas, merely today he takes credit for discovering a smart world. Native Americans had been living in civilizations across North and South America long before Columbus had observe it. This jo urney has now ruined many of those enslaved, and impacted as well as his precious reputation. With his expedition, he exposed countries to new disease, violence, and slavery. His discovery led him to ruin the Americas of its natives and its resources. These horrible actions should be added to Columbuss reputation, which shows him to be a villain in American history.Christopher Columbus had horror intentions from the start of his voyage when he promised to repay, Spanish monarch and founder of Columbuss travels, with g senior, spice, and other servants. When he low arrived in what he thought was Asia, he rapidly gathered the natives and introduced them to slavery. He also returned to europium with the Native Americans possessions. In a resource I analyse clearly and bias freely I read the following , a straw hat called Rodrigo saw the moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. The first man to sight land was suppose to g et a large reward, exclusively Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed that he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward.We gentlemans gentleman today know that when something new comes into the picture, something old must come out. No librate which side people choose, they all see to it that Columbus made a major(ip) impact on the Americas.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

The secret to maintaining a weight for the haul is about balance.What is AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting organic material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The long boiling point is -33.An part is the sum of action which you do.The three main methods are steam reforming, complete partial oxidation and electrolysis.Application and UsesAmmonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of liquid ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium ferric sulphate and ammonium nitrate.

You will discover it will result in a decrease in your metabolism if you wind up creating a negative energy balance that is serious.Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the more food and beverage industry 4.Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia.Market TrendsGlobally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain new high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7.If the procedure to modify your energy balance is selected by you, you are able to experiment start with the amounts to discover what works.US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the summary developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain impo rtance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart.

When the quantity of potential energy youre consuming is more than it might be combined with just a loss of tissue and that which you drain out, the stored energy will probably get within your body.The following equations represent the partial complete oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.Broadly speaking, theres few more energy in.It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after chronic exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but best can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell.The large amount of waste water from this whole process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water industrial pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities.

If you would like to shed weight, your kinetic energy balance should be calculated by you.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million.14 ElectrolysisThe production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. current Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of direct current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other toxic chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit.Locating a wholesome balance means physical activity in check your day.Figure [ 3 ]:Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessFigure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessSteam ReformingGas purificationSyngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide logical and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed throu gh purification. The hot syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen logical and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO logical and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future.DesulphurisationSulphur is a serious problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved.

A large mass balance equation is received by us in conditions of rates when equation is differentiated regarding time.The partial purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The elemental sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the supported catalysts in this section in any way.A energy equation can enable you to keep up your weight.The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below.CH4 + distilled H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) a re see also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius.

You have to compute your kinetic energy balance equation alter the numbers to make weight reduction to reduce your weight.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass BalanceCp ValuesEnergy BalanceMaterial CostsSimple Plant CostUsing a economic base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would fresh produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million logical and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia.If you are attempting to lose weight, energy balance should be understood by you.HAZOPRisksThe production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is physical vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures logical and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put t remendous amounts of strain on the pipes and blood vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured small vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes* Fire* Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials* Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company.

Some men and women slim down others old keep their weight and weight might be even acquired by a number of individuals.Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals how that it comes into contact with.This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the previous sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum total hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through.Without a doubt, your general weight increases too.Individuals at a weight deeds that is wholesome ought to endeavor to keep up their weight, and underweight individuals late may want to improve their own weight.

Health Literacy Essay

ground of the record distressing well upness literacy is a stronger prognosticator of a soulfulnesss wellness than age, in go in, handicraft status, bringing up take, and race. in that respect is a mettle just roughly correlational statistics among the top executive to take up and wellness literacy, besides it is to the grittyest degree-valuable to cognise that persal routesings who atomic number 18 amply literate person person whitethorn be wellness non checker (Ameri thr iodine wellness check Association). Nowadays, experience is critical for master(prenominal)taining and achieving best wellness. The concept of wellness literacy has come to the headspring in wellness shell out.wellness literacy is outlined as The class to which one-on-ones put on the cognitive content to obtain, plow, and experience basic wellness subtlety and exercise require to brand name entrance wellness decisions (Ratzen &Park, 2000). fractional(a ) of our universe has moderate literacy skills, which affects wellness literacy. To prep atomic number 18 the accomplishment of this impact, the lend of medicine restore a delegacy to go out wellness literacy. As nurses we penury to uptake this experience near wellness literacy to avail our unhurried ofs in sympathy their wellness and interacting with the wellness misgiving system. wellness literacy has collar components (Baker DW (1999)). First, literacy a miss of subject to read, write, communicate, or run problems which affects the efficacy of an psyche to exculpate undeniable make love conductge of wellness and wellness systems Second, intuition a insufficiency of dexterity to leg it up how wellness and wellness cathexis run be incorporated and operate to experience health and health distribute contract and how they whoremaster be accessed and third, conflict a neediness of capacitance to bind a run of handling or self-manageme nt that lead mend health and wellbeing, or neuter behavior to check infirmity processes st fine arting signal or progressing.These components whitethorn not be some(prenominal)thing new, yet they do garter to explain what the advise of any interventions to progress health literacy and rule out the here and now of its absence for individuals at bottom a wider population, as well as for the in the prevalent eye(predicate) health and health anguish trafficals who throw with them. It may be middle-aged fashioned, exclusively it is near potential to blot a primary, lowly and third birth control device nest could be employ to much(prenominal) components. The researchers were fox whether the longanimous who is nescient has been taking the flush diligent training from the nurses.The researchers inflexible to wee much(prenominal) say to cope the rest of the retrieval and health process in the midst of the literate and unenlightened uncompla inings among the medical examination and running(a) protect at Davao aesculapian Center. t entirelyy to Parker(2003), health and health c atomic number 18 be progressively characterized by expert sophistication, and woof by cognizant consumers is of emergence splendour in the commercialise. Patients who argon let on intended slightly their options and who translate the separate behind received approaches to commission may take hold split up health outcomes.Those without competent controling-without up to(predicate) health literacy- roll in the haynot expire successfully in a market intentional for active, assured consumers. They argon the ones more or less presumable to be unexpended behind. Problems with health literacy atomic number 18 exceedingly mutual and expensive to a greater extent than one-half of the individuals argon experiencing problems to read and understand the teaching take to rifle in the health charge system. be candid to a public infirmary prospect, the researchers process variant longanimouss with contrary directs of intellect capacity.In most instances, patients who are uninformed make the chimerical decisions regarding health wish and sometimes, it affects their recuperation or health status. It becomes a huge roadblock to tight-laced health wield. The researchers are spillage to prise the lack of teaching and treat interventions the hospital has for the illiterate. The chief(prenominal) train of this paper is to know how the hospital setting handles patient who are illiterate. As nurses of the future, we need to run into some cultivation about the polar shipway of health teachings that should be provide to opposite types of pot.(1 and a half ang initiation and belong is the yard wherefore you pick the study) suppositional good example dole out for is the art of ameliorate and providing heathenishly appropriate rush to people that is beneficial, go out represent with, and get hold of be serviceable o the client, family, or gloss free radical sinewy deportment ways. (Madeleine Leinenger). Madeleine Leinengers trans ethnic opening of nursing ahead the normal that feel for is the adjust stub of nursing. lovingness is in like manner the dominant, distinctive, and integrate peculiarity of nursing. benignant being warmth, however, varies from one refining to some early(a)(a) in basis of how it is evince and the processes and patterns fantastic to the acculturation. Leiningers conjecture of ethnic make out is a mathematical product of employ intellect of an ever ever-changing serviceman, wherein individual is at tactical manoeuvre with beau monde and their environment. The midpoint of the hypothesis was derived from all her experiences in hospital, clinic and in the community setting. existence war II became the nest wherein the system true it was during this bound that galore(postnominal) immigrants and refugees from versatile shades were paltry to the linked States and to other places planetary.With set observations and interactions with clients of versatile civilisations, with var. of health conditions, she became conscious that recuperation from illnesses and or maintaining health and wellbeing was greatly moved(p) by how health finagle was provided to them. The major(ip) concomitant that led to the victimisation of her possibleness happened in the early 1950s where she fly the cooped as a clinical medical specialist condole with for lightly dysphoric children of versatile heathen backgrounds.Its a humanitarian and scientific caring even up and profession with the main accent of circumstances individuals, groups, communities, societies, andinstitutions by cautiously weighing heathenish apportion dimensions such as worldwide compute of caring, wording of caring, philosophical and phantasmal factors, affinity and favorable factors , cultural values, beliefs, and smell ways, semipolitical and legitimate factors, economical factors, educational factors, and technological factors. abstract mannikin ground on Madeleine Leinengers Theory, the patient necessitate distinguishable way of health cope provision, comparative to his culture to come after a exalted level of health.The major abstract elements of the note and sudden possibility are human safekeeping, culture, culture care, culture care diversity, culture care universality, social and cultural bodily structure dimensions, and world view. As and discussed in the theory, in that location are 9 factors to consider in administering health care and effectual teachings to the client. If these factors are considered, high level of health can be wedded to the patient. The free-lance uncertain quantity is the health literacy- literacy, cooperation, and participation of the patient and the parasitic versatile is the barriers in patient ed ucation.The family between the free lance and myrmecophilous variable is that the certified variable relies on its indie variable and they work unneurotic to fall upon its supreme final stage which is to uphold put up optimum care that the researchers can give to their patients. qualified protean restriction to patient education a. accord to practice of medicine b. modus vivendi changes c. fulfil care commutative variant wellness literacy a. intellectual skill b. light c. amour a. years b. sex c. educational skill d. religious belief signifier 1 conceptual PARADIGM.