Health Communication Strategies To Inform Health And Social Care Essay

Health communicating encompasses the survey and usage of communicating schemes to inform and act upon single and community determinations that enhance wellness. It links the spheres of communicating and wellness and is progressively recognized as a necessary component of attempts to better personal and public wellness ( National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) , 1989 ; Jackson and Duffy, 1998 ; Piotrow, et al. , 1997 ) . Health communicating can lend to all facets of disease bar and wellness publicity. For persons, effectual wellness communicating can assist raise consciousness of wellness hazards and solutions provide the motive and accomplishments needed to cut down these hazards, assist them happen support from other people in similar state of affairss, and affect or reinforce attitudes ( NCI, 1989 ) . Health communicating besides can increase demand for appropriate wellness services and decrease demand for inappropriate wellness services. For the community, wellness communicating can be used to act upon the populace docket, advocator for policies and plans, promote positive alterations in the socioeconomic and physical environments, better the bringing of public wellness and wellness attention services, and promote societal norms that benefit wellness and quality of life ( Piotrow, 1997 ) . It is used to forestall morbidity and mortality and to advance a impression of holistic wellness and well-being ( Nova, 2008 ) . Communication in wellness takes topographic point on many degrees, including single, group, administration, community or mass-media. Health practicians have an of import function in the betterment of single, group, or community wellness by â€Å" encouraging people to get down or increase wellness advancing behaviors and to discontinue or diminish wellness damaging behavior † ( Jones and Donovan, 2004 ) .Communication procedure is a multi-dimensional dealing ( Nova,2008 ) . Health publicity aims to cut down inauspicious wellness hazards in an full population by aiming those at high, low and no hazard. Review of the literature suggests that mass media communications runs addition consciousness, information seeking, cognition and purpose to alter behaviors, better attitudes and consequence in behavior alteration ( Freimuth and Taylor, 1996 ) . Theory is defined as a set of interconnected constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic position of phenomena by specifyA ­ing dealingss among variables, with the intent of explicating and foretelling the phenomena ( Kerlinger, 1973 ) . It presents a systematic manner of understanding events or state of affairss. Using theory as a foundation for plan planning and development is consistent with the current accent on utilizing evidence-based intercessions in public wellness. For the intent of this assignment, I will be turn toing the issue of arthritis concentrating on the theoretical and practical direction, leading and communicating issues to be addressed for the effectual executing of a wellness run to forestall arthritis and promote lifestyle alteration, including physical activity, weight loss, and decrease in ingestion of concentrated fats and intoxicant. Background to the wellness issue Definition of Arthritis Arthritis and other arthritic conditions are among the most common chronic conditions and the taking cause of disablement in the United States ( CDC, 2003a ) .These conditions often lead to restrictions in work, diversion, and usual activities, including basic self-care. Three of the most common signifiers of arthritis are osteoarthritis, arthritic arthritis, and fibromyalgia. aˆ? Osteoarthritis or â€Å" degenerative articulation disease. Degeneration of joint gristle and alterations in underlying bone and back uping tissues lead to trouble, stiffness, motion jobs, and activity restrictions ( CDCP, 1999 ) . aˆ? Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic redness of the joint liner. Symptoms include hurting, stiffness, and swelling of multiple articulations. This lead to bone and gristle eroding, joint malformations, motion jobs, and activity restriction ( CDCP,1999 ) . aˆ? Fibromyalgia is a hurting syndrome affecting musculus and musculus attachment countries. Common symptoms include widespread hurting throughout the musculuss of the organic structure, sleep upsets, weariness, concerns, and cranky intestine syndrome and happen more normally in adult females than work forces ( ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Planing Rationale The Arthritis Burden Approximately 27 million people in United State have degenerative arthritis, 5 million have fibromyalgia, and another 2.1 million have rheumatoid arthritis ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) .In add-on, arthritis has a important consequence on quality of life, non merely for those who experience its painful symptoms and ensuing disablement, but besides for their household members and attention givers. Arthritis prevalence additions with age. Prevalence of arthritis is higher among adult females ( 28.3 % ) than work forces ( 18.2 % ) ( CDC, 2003b ) . Arthritis yearly consequences in 36 million ambulatory attention visits, 744,000 hospitalizations, 9,367 deceases, 19 million people with activity restrictions ( Helmick et al. , 2008 ) . Therefore, arthritis has become one of the most urgent public wellness jobs in the universe, a job that is expected to decline unless prompt and responsible action is taken. Effectss of arthritis: Arthritis is a menace to a individual ‘s physical, psychological, societal, and economic well-being. It frequently deprives people of their freedom and independency and can interrupt the lives of household members and other attention givers. Physical symptoms of arthritis include hurting, loss of joint gesture, and weariness. Psychological emphasis, depression, choler, and anxiousness frequently accompany arthritis. Social wellbeing is affected by arthritis. Peoples with arthritis often experience decreased community engagement, troubles in school, and sexual jobs. Economic deductions of arthritis include unequal entree to care, and fiscal loads due to wellness attention costs and income loss ensuing from work restrictions. Arthritis is 2nd merely to bosom disease as a major cause of lost work. ( La Plante, 988 ) . Hazard factors for arthritis Three of these factors are: non-modifiable female sex, older age, and familial sensitivity. Although these factors can non be changed, cognition of their presence helps place groups at higher hazard for arthritis so that intercession attempts can be targeted consequently. aˆ?Women aged 15 old ages and older history for 60 % of arthritis instances. At least 26.4 million adult females have arthritis, the taking chronic status among adult females, ( Callahan et al. , 1996 ; CDC, 1995 ) . aˆ? Age is besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. One-half of the aged population is affected by arthritis, and hazard additions with age. aˆ? Genetic sensitivity. Certain cistrons are known to be associated with a higher hazard of some types of arthritis. Modifiable hazard factors are besides associated with increased hazard of arthritis. These include aˆ? Obesity. ( CDC, 1996 ) aˆ? Joint hurts. aˆ? Infections. aˆ? Certain businesss ( for illustration, agriculture, heavy industry, and businesss with insistent knee-bending ( Felson et al. , 1991 ; Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . Health publicity Approach This construct encompasses three degrees: aˆ? Primary bar is designed to forestall a disease or status ( arthritis ) from happening in the first topographic point. Physical activity to cut down the hazard of arthritis is an illustration of primary bar step. aˆ? Secondary bar efforts to place a disease in its earliest phase so that prompt and appropriate direction can be initiated. Successful secondary bar reduces the impact of the disease. aˆ?Tertiary bar focal points on cut downing or minimising the effects of a disease once it has developed. The end of third bar is to extinguish, or at least hold, the oncoming of complications and disablement due to the disease. Primary bar schemes that exist for arthritis Merely a few primary bar schemes are considered effectual for arthritis. These include: aˆ?Weight control: Keeping an appropriate weight or cut downing weight to a recommended degree lowers a individual ‘s hazard for certain common signifiers of arthritis. Obesity is a hazard factor for degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ; Roubenoff et al. , 1991 ) . aˆ? Occupational hurt bar: Taking safeguards to avoid insistent articulation usage and ensuing joint hurt in the occupational scene can assist to forestall arthritis ( Felson, 1991 ) . aˆ? Sports hurt bar: Exploitation recommended injury bar schemes ( for illustration tune-ups, beef uping exercisings, and appropriate equipment ) aid to avoid joint hurts and harm to ligaments and gristle, all of which can increase the hazard of degenerative arthritis ( Felson and Zhang, 1998 ) . The secondary bar schemes for arthritis status aˆ? Early diagnosing. Early diagnosing of all types of arthritis is of import ( Rao et al. , 1997 ) aˆ? Medical intervention. Antibiotic intervention for early Lyme disease can forestall subsequently phase disease ( Steere, 1990 ; Schoen, 1994 ) . Decrease of uric acid degrees in urarthritis and early usage of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) for rheumatoid arthritis can better long-run results. The third bar schemes for Arthritis status Third bar schemes can cut down hurting and disablement, increase a individual ‘s sense of control, and better quality of life. aˆ? Self-management aˆ?Weight control and physical activity: are of import constituents of a disease direction plan. Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of degenerative arthritis, and weight loss reduces the hazard of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ( Felson, 1992 ) . PACE ( Peoples with Arthritis Can Exercise ) is one such community-based recreational exercising plan. aˆ? Education: is another effectual self-management intercession for people with arthritis. aˆ? Rehabilitation services: Physical and occupational therapy can rectify damages and diminish activity restrictions. aˆ? Medical and surgical intervention: Many different drugs are used to handle arthritis. Medicines for some types of arthritis can restrict disease patterned advance, control symptoms, and prevent serious complications. Joint replacing therapy is most appropriate for people with chronic, terrible hurting or activity restrictions. Schemes for the success of the communicating plan The undermentioned activities will be carried out to guarantee the success of the communicating plan: Thorough state of affairs analysis This is one of the first stairss in planing an effectual communicating plan. Determination of the current load of arthritis, the degree of consciousness of the wellness issue by the populace, and the sort of communicating scheme in topographic point are critical. Besides, a thorough apprehension of the mark audience is necessary. It is of import to cognize their demographic, societal, political, cultural and economic features. This can be carried out through cardinal interviews, observations, and concentrate group treatments studies. Strategy Goal The overall end of this Plan is to excite and beef up a national co-ordinated attempt for cut downing the happening of arthritis and its attendant disablement. Specific ends are to aˆ? Establish a solid scientific base of cognition on the bar of arthritis and related disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of arthritis, its impact, the importance of early diagnosing and appropriate direction, and effectual bar schemes. aˆ? Implement effectual plans to forestall the oncoming of arthritis and its related disablement. Scheme Purposes aˆ? Increase public consciousness of arthritis as the taking cause of disablement and an of import public wellness job. aˆ? Promote early diagnosing and appropriate direction for people with arthritis to guarantee them the maximal figure of old ages of healthy life. aˆ? Minimize preventable hurting and disablement due to arthritis. aˆ? By developing and accessing the resources they need to get by with their disease. aˆ? Ensure that people with arthritis receive the household, equal, and community support they need. Scheme Aims The aims must be SMART that is it should be specific, mensurable, accomplishable, realistic and clip edge ( Naidoo and Wills, 2009 ) . The aims will include: To increase the degree of consciousness and cognition of arthritis To advance positive attitudes towards lifestyle alteration. To better activities of day-to-day life and rehabilitation. Execution Communication Schemes for the Public This mark audience, the broadest of the three, includes all Americans. These precedence audiences include ( CDCP,1999 ) aˆ? Peoples with arthritis symptoms. aˆ? At-risk populations ( for illustration, cultural groups, medically underserved populations, and groups with low socioeconomic position ) . aˆ? Family members of people with arthritis. aˆ?Women. aˆ? Non-traditional spouses ( for illustration, colleagues, neighbors, faith communities, Meals on Wheels plans, and local merchandisers ) . aˆ? Federal, province, and community authorities leaders. Three major schemes should be used to present these messages to the precedence public audiences: 1. Promote partnerships to present consistent messages that reach full populations. Because of the comprehensiveness of the audience necessitating arthritis-related messages and the diverseness of subpopulations within that audience, administrations and bureaus must pool their resources and attempts to present a consistent message. aˆ? Identify national and province alliances that address hazard factors for arthritis. aˆ? Strengthen coactions among authorities bureaus, voluntary wellness bureaus, and professional organisations. aˆ? Coordinate a communicating run on behalf of all partnership web members. aˆ? Seek and construct on dependable beginnings of arthritis information, actions, and services. 2. Behavior market research to determine the messages. Because arthritis potentially affects all community members, arthritis-related messages and bringing channels need to be tailored to appeal to different sections of the community. This grade of specification requires market research to both determine the message and bringing channels and prove their effectivity as consciousness runs are developed. aˆ? Identify subpopulations within mark groups for arthritis messages. aˆ? Design and implement behavioral research to find the wellness patterns and media penchants of each mark group. aˆ? Develop and trial arthritis and disablement messages for physical activity runs, nutrition and weight control plans. aˆ? Develop messages about the importance of weight care and physical activity. aˆ? Produce stuffs that can be used by bureaus and administrations that serve mark groups. 3. Increase consciousness throughout all communities. It touches people throughout the community: kids in schools, employees in the worksite, participants in senior Centres, members of all religions, and stray persons populating entirely. . aˆ? Tailor messages and develop runs to make people with undiagnosed arthritis and to motivate them to seek early diagnosing and appropriate direction. aˆ?Tailor messages about community norms for weight and physical activity. aˆ? Develop messages about hurt bar. aˆ? Add to bing physical activity runs messages about the function of physical activity in minimising arthritis disablement. aˆ? Increase consciousness of the nexus between arthritis and weight control, physical activity, and nutrition. aˆ? Ensure that messages efficaciously counteract predominating misconceptions. aˆ? Include arthritis bar messages in wellness education/healthy lifestyle plans in schools and workplaces. Incorporate arthritis into chronic disease bar, wellness publicity and instruction, and other plans of province and local wellness sections. Several bar schemes for arthritis are similar to risk-factor decrease schemes for other chronic conditions. Many province and local wellness sections already have plans directed toward increasing physical activity, advancing a healthy diet, and cut downing fleshiness. All of these plans could be modified to integrate an arthritis-specific message. In add-on, province and local wellness sections have the chance to plan plans directed at cut downing arthritis disablement through appropriate bar messages. aˆ? Encourage province and local wellness sections to do arthritis patient instruction stuffs available at all intervention sites. aˆ? Facilitate partnerships between public wellness bureaus and managed attention administrations to supply appropriate arthritis instruction across the natural disease spectrum, from prediagnosis through disablement direction, and in all types of attention scenes ( for illustration, community-based attention, and in-home attention ) ( CDCP,1999 ) . Communication Schemes for Health Professionals This audience includes all clinical, community, and public wellness professionals who potentially affect the wellness and wellbeing of people with or at hazard for arthritis ( CDCP,1999 ) . Subgroups of the wellness professional audience include aˆ? Primary wellness attention suppliers, including baby doctors, who see the bulk of arthritis patients. aˆ? Rheumatologists, physiatrists, orthopedic sawboness, pediatricss, rheumatologists, and other doctors. aˆ? Nurses. aˆ? Physical healers and occupational healers. aˆ? Social workers and mental wellness workers. aˆ? Chiropractors. aˆ? Chiropodists. aˆ? Exercise and fittingness professionals, instructors, and managers. aˆ? Alternative medical specialty practicians. aˆ? Pharmacists. aˆ? Public wellness community members ( for illustration, pedagogues, public wellness nurses, and plan directors ) . Although the specific message will change for different types of suppliers, all of these professionals must cognize aˆ? The prevalence of arthritis and its impact on disablement and quality of life. aˆ? The most common myths about arthritis and accurate information to chase away them. aˆ? Preventive schemes. aˆ? The importance of early diagnosing of the type of arthritis and appropriate direction schemes. aˆ? Referral beginnings ( that is when and where to mention ) . aˆ? Beginnings of support. aˆ? The value of self-management and other non pharmacological intercessions. To be able to step in early and suitably to cut down disablement, wellness professionals must hold accurate, up-to-date information about arthritis. The undermentioned attacks should be tailored, based on behavioral research, to each type of wellness professional ( CDCP,1999 ) . Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of primary attention practicians and other doctors through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning medical instruction, and in-service instruction. Better the cognition, attitudes, and patterns of other wellness professionals through undergraduate and alumnus instruction, go oning instruction, and in-service instruction. Widen the range of arthritis-related messages by utilizing communicating vehicles such as province and county medical societies, province and national professional organisations, professional newssheets and conferences, and web sites of professional organisations and protagonism groups. Evaluation and Feedback A baseline appraisal would be carried out and indexs would be set. For illustration, the plan may be assessed based on alterations in the degrees of consciousness, and the proportion of people with arthritis who can now pull off the symptoms on their ain. This will function as provender back for betterments in future intercessions. Decision Although wellness communicating is an built-in constituent of quality attention ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , developing and pull offing an effectual wellness communicating run is no easy undertaking. In visible radiation of empirical grounds back uping the benefits of wellness publicity and the premiss that effectual wellness communications can impact preventative wellness patterns ( Vahabi, 2007 ) , and in the context of wellness publicity pattern moralss, it is indispensable to guarantee that the bringing of optimum wellness communicating is deemed a high-priority wellness publicity issue. By contrast, hapless wellness communicating taking to less-than-optimal attention bringing and results ( Aitkens et al. , 2005 ) and unequal apprehension of self-care behaviors can ensue in legal branchings and decreased life quality ( Betancourt et al. , 2000 ) . Vahabi ( 2007 ) stated that miscommunications or failures to pass on wellness hazards can besides endanger people ‘s safety and their well ness position. In add-on, disbursement clip on some issues and non on others and non taking people ‘s capacities or state of affairss into history may impact their ability to entree wellness attention and their self-respect and rights to the benefits of optimum wellness instruction. A thorough apprehension of the theoretical issues underlying behavioral alteration and the assorted schemes for effectual execution are of import issues to see. However theory entirely can non vouch the success of any plan. An effectual director must besides understand the practical issues involved and cognize how best to cover with these issues for successful results. Besides equal plan planning is indispensable, but even the best laid programs may non be good executed if the people do non hold the right managerial accomplishments. Development of effectual leading and direction accomplishments are hence of import and must besides be considered in the success of the plan.

Introduction to People, Organization Andmanagement Essay

1. Key Information Module title: Introduction to People, Organisations and Management Module Leader: Hermione McIntosh Chelmsford/Michael Ashcroft Building/ Room MAB 301 Every module has a Module Definition Form (MDF) which is the officially validated record of the module. You can access the MDF for this module in three ways: * the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) * the My. Anglia Module Catalogue at www. anglia. ac. uk/modulecatalogue * Anglia Ruskin’s module search engine facility at www. anglia. ac. uk/modules All modules delivered by Anglia Ruskin University at its main campuses in the UK and at partner institutions throughout the UK and overseas are governed by the Academic Regulations. You can view these at www. anglia. ac. uk/academicregs. A printed extract of the Academic Regulations, known as the Assessment Regulations, is available for every student from your Faculty Office (all new students will have received a copy as part of their welcome pack). In the unlikely event of any discrepancy between the Academic Regulations and any other publication, including this module guide, the Academic Regulations, as the definitive document, take precedence over all other publications and will be applied in all cases. 2. Introduction to the Module This 30 credit module covers four key areas. The organisational context: This module allows students to explore the organisational context and will furnish students with tools to analyse the organisational environment and the degree of dynamism and complexity in which organisations operate. Students will be encouraged to examine organisational responses to environmental turbulence. The development and impact of organisational culture will also be assessed. Organisation structures and approaches to management: Students will analyse the changes to organisational structure and architecture and the evolution from self-contained structures to boundaryless organisations. Approaches to management from scientific management to postmodern organisations will be evaluated and the way groups and teams are formed and structured. Motivation will also be examined as a motivated workforce can be a sign of a successful organisation and students will be encouraged to reflect critically on theories of motivation and apply them to real life situations and case study scenarios. Management processes: Intensified competition, technological innovation and increased knowledge intensity has resulted in a pattern of ‘repeat change’. The results of change programmes are often disappointing and students will examine the triggers for change, why change is resisted and organisations’ approaches to change management. This module will also investigate the difference between leadership and management and critically evaluate classical and contemporary approaches to leadership theory and the role power and politics play in organisational life. Individuals in the organisation: This part of the module focuses on individual differences. The ability to learn, and to continue learning, for individuals and organisations, is crucial in the 21st century. Students will be introduced to a number of learning theories which affect management practices and will have an overview of the learning organisation. Students will examine the role that personality and perception play in shaping and directing our own and other people’s behaviour. The role of communication will also be investigated as communication affects organisation performance and also individual career prospects. Students will therefore be equipped with a robust intellectual framework for analysing and understanding the past, present and future influences on their own thinking, attitudes, values and behaviours and to reflect on how these might impact their effectiveness and performance in practice. Please also refer to Sections 6a and 6b of the MDF. 3. Intended Learning Outcomes. Anglia Ruskin modules are taught on the basis of intended learning outcomes and on successful completion of this module, you will be expected to be able to demonstrate that you have met these outcomes. On successful completion you will be able to: 1. Understand and critically evaluate the underlying principles and concepts of the nature of organisations. 2. Understand and appreciate the contribution of effective people management to the success of organisations. 3. Explore a range of theories developed to aid the understanding of learning and human behaviour, reflecting on their learning experiences and career development. 4. Examine the application of theories in real world organisational settings. 5. Apply a range of theories and concepts on organisational design, structure and management in the analysis of managing employees with specific reference to leadership, power, motivation and teamwork. 6. Use simple psychometric and related instruments for self-analysis and learning tools for goal-setting, problem-solving and personal reflective practice within a framework for personal and career development. 4. Outline Delivery. Wk| Lecture A – People| Lecture B – Organisation Management| Reading (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010)| 1| Introduction to Part A of the module. Individual behaviour and personality| Introduction to Part B of the module. What is an organisation? Introduction to organisational behaviour. Orientation to work and the work ethic.. | Chapters 1 and 6| 2| Personality theories in the workplace. | The organisation’s environment. Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. | Chapters 2, 3 and 6| 3| Perception. | Organisational culture and socialisation. | Chapters 4 and 8| 4| Attitudes and values. | Organisational structure and architecture. | Chapters 15 and 17; Brooks Chapter 3| 5| Learning as a process. The Behaviourist and Cognitive approaches. | Approaches to organisations and management. (1)| Chapters 5, 14 and16| 6| Learning in practice and the Learning Organisation| Approaches to organisations and management (2)| Chapters 5, 14 and 16,| 7| Motivation: content theories| Groups and teams at work. | Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13| 8|. Motivation: process theories| Organisational change| Chapters 9 and 18| 9| Communication| Leadership (part 1)| Chapters 7 and 19| 10| Career management and choices| Leadership (part 2)| Chapter 19| 11| Reflective practice and managing self. | Power in organisations| Chapter 22| 12| Module review. | Module review| | 4. 1 Attendance Requirements Attending all your classes is very important and one of the best ways to help you succeed in this module. In accordance with the Student Charter, you are expected to arrive on time and take an active part in all your timetabled classes. If you are unable to attend a class for a valid reason (eg: illness), please contact your Module Tutors. Anglia Ruskin will closely monitor the attendance of all students and will contact you by e-mail if you have been absent without notice for two weeks. Continued absence can result in the termination of your registration as you will be considered to have withdrawn from your studies. International students who are non-EEA nationals and in possession of entry clearance/leave to remain as a student (student visa) are required to be in regular attendance at Anglia Ruskin. Failure to do so is considered to be a breach of national immigration regulations. Anglia Ruskin, like all British Universities, is statutorily obliged to inform the Border and Immigration Agency of the Home Office of significant unauthorised absences by any student visa holders. 5. Assessment This module will be assessed through two pieces of coursework which will allow you to evidence the demands of this module and meet the learning outcomes (see sections 7 and 9 of the MDF). Both pieces of coursework have a word limit of 3,000 words and have a 50% weighting. The assignment hand-in date is Tuesday, 8 May, 2012. All coursework assignments and other forms of assessment must be submitted by the published deadline which is detailed above. It is your responsibility to know when work is due to be submitted – ignorance of the deadline date will not be accepted as a reason for late or non-submission. All student work which contributes to the eventual outcome of the module (ie: if it determines whether you will pass or fail the module and counts towards the mark you achieve for the module) is submitted via the iCentre using the formal submission sheet . Academic staff CANNOT accept work directly from you. If you decide to submit your work to the iCentre by post, it must arrive by midday on the due date. If you elect to post your work, you do so at your own risk and you must ensure that sufficient time is provided for your work to arrive at the iCentre. Posting your work the day before a deadline, albeit by first class post, is extremely risky and not advised. Any late work (submitted in person or by post) will NOT be accepted and a mark of zero will be awarded for the assessment task in question. You are requested to keep a copy of your work. Feedback. You are entitled to written feedback on your performance for all your assessed work. For all assessment tasks which are not examinations, this is provided by a member of academic staff completing the assignment coversheet on which your mark and feedback will relate to the achievement of the module’s intended learning outcomes and the assessment criteria you were given for the task when it was first issued. Examination scripts are retained by Anglia Ruskin and are not returned to students. However, you are entitled to feedback on your performance in an examination and may request a meeting with the Module Leader or Tutor to see  your examination script and to discuss your performance. Anglia Ruskin is committed to providing you with feedback on all assessed work within 20 working days of the submission deadline or the date of an examination. This is extended to 30 days for feedback for a Major Project module (please note that working days excludes those days when Anglia Ruskin University is officially closed; eg: between Christmas and New Year). Personal tutors will offer to read feedback from several modules and help you to address any common themes that may be emerging. At the main Anglia Ruskin University campuses, each Faculty will publish details of the arrangement for the return of your assessed work (eg: a marked essay or case study etc. ). Any work which is not collected by you from the Faculty within this timeframe is returned to the iCentres from where you can subsequently collect it. The iCentres retain student work for a specified period prior to its disposal. To assure ourselves that our marking processes are comparable with other universities in the UK, Anglia Ruskin provides samples of student assessed work to external examiners as a routine part of our marking processes. External examiners are experienced academic staff from other universities who scrutinise your work and provide Anglia Ruskin academic staff with feedback and advice. Many of Anglia Ruskin’s staff act as external examiners at other universities. On occasion, you will receive feedback and marks for pieces of work that you completed in the earlier stages of the module. We provide you with this feedback as part of the learning experience and to help you prepare for other assessment tasks that you have still to complete. It is important to note that, in these cases, the marks for these pieces of work are unconfirmed as the processes described above for the use of external examiners will not have been completed. This means that, potentially, marks can change, in either direction! Marks for modules and individual pieces of work become confirmed on the Dates for the Official Publication of Results which can be checked at www. anglia. ac. uk/results. ASSIGNMENT ONE Module Title: Introduction to People, Organisations and Management Module Code:BB130020SLevel: 1 Academic Year: 2011/12Semester: Two Module Leader:Hermione McIntosh. Instructions:See below Word Limit: 3000 words % Weighting:50% Written assignments must not exceed the specified maximum number of words. Assignments will not be accepted without a word count on the cover sheet. Submission Date:Tuesday, May 8, 2012 Work submitted after this date will receive a mark of 0 unless an extension has been approved in advance of this deadline. Requests for short-term extensions will only be considered in the case of illness or other cause considered valid by the Student Adviser. These must normally be received and agreed by Student Adviser in writing at least twenty four hours prior to the deadline. Please refer to the Academic Regulations or your Student Handbook for full details. Further details:This assignment must be completed individually. This assignment must be attached to a completed University Assignment Cover Sheet and accompanied by a completed University Assignment Receipt before submission. Any attachments (such as computer discs) must be marked with your SID number(s) and securely attached to your assignment before submission. Do not submit your work in a plastic sleeve. TASK Read the two organisational case studies attached and provide a critical comparative analysis of them in academic report format. You should consider how the two organisations differ in the way they operate and in the way they are managed. In particular, you should focus on the following areas: * Organisational design and structure * Teams and teamworking * Approach to leadership and management * Organisational culture Your analysis must be supported by relevant theories and concepts that have been covered in the module and you must demonstrate that you have read widely around the subject area and used this reading to support the arguments you are making. Do not rely solely on the key text but use a range of academic texts and journal articles. Refer to the reading list in your module guide for further guidance. It is essential that you use the Harvard Referencing System and it is recommended that you download the University’s Guide to the Harvard Referencing System from the library website. Assessment weighting for written assignment The following assessment weighting is provided for guidance: Introduction| 10%| Analysis of issues including use of the literature to support arguments| 60%| Conclusion and recommendations| 20%| Presentation and structure of the report including written expression and referencing| 10%| Case Study One Case study 1: Biogenta plc. Biogenta is a world-leading business, producing crop-protection products (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides). It currently employs 15,000 employees in over 80 countries and has manufacturing facilities in 10 countries. It is organised into four major functional areas: Research and Development, Manufacturing, Sales and Marketing and, finally, Support (covering financial services, human resources and legal services). Jane Morgan, the Chief Executive Officer of Biogenta, is a strong role model for her staff and has developed a mission and a set of values based on extensive consultation with Biogenta’s stakeholders. Biogenta’s mission is to be the most trusted provider of crop-protection products in the world and their values include: Be adventurous, creative and open-minded Pursue growth and learning Be passionate and determined Build open and honest relationships Create fun These values have been embedded in the culture of the organisation. Jane is deeply respected and many of her staff have even called her inspirational. She is very motivational and communicates high expectations of all staff. Her aim has always been to empower her staff and to stimulate staff to be  creative and innovation so that they try novel approaches and develop ground-breaking new products. Biogenta is committed to innovation and sees this as a major strength. It has a strong focus on recruiting extremely able and highly motivated employees. It is also committed to investing heavily in their development. As well as recruiting highly educated staff, many of whom are educated to doctorate level, the company offers numerous in-house training courses covering both technical and personal development issues. As a global organisation Biogenta wants to recruit the brightest and the best from all over the world. In Cambridge, alone, one of its four research and development ‘hubs’, it employs people of 20 different nationalities. It offers generous support to employees who want to further their education and training by paying fees and giving time off to attend courses. It also offers generous perks, such as opportunities for sabbaticals or gap years and subsidising gym membership. Office environments and even factories are designed to be light, pleasant places to work, with the company sponsoring a large amount of art work and landscaping to enhance the environment. It is also a major sponsor of a number of exhibitions and museums around the world with a ‘biological science’ theme. Staff are encouraged to contribute to community work, and the company sponsors a number of projects working with schools in a number of countries on biological science projects. Although Biogenta has a traditional structure, as would be expected of an organisation of this size, Jane believes that structures, job titles and power can put barriers up between people and inhibit innovation and performance. She believes it is far more effective to put her faith in people and in teamwork and there is minimal hierarchy. Although almost all employees work in one of the four functional areas mentioned above, the organisation also promotes cross-functional working in project teams, some of which are virtual teams. Project working is seen as essential to achieving constant product improvement and innovation. These teams can be large or small, short term or fairly long in duration. It recognizes that getting people from different functions to work effectively together can be a challenge and it has a number of ways of trying to minimise these, including the use of technology. Many of the support staff have at least undergraduate degrees in science subjects. For example Jacqueline Baryomunsi works in the marketing team but she has a degree in Biology, although she was later sponsored by Biogenta to do an MBA. Although originally based in Cambridge, she was recently posted to a nine month international assignment in South Africa where she worked on a project to develop a new herbicide, working with a team of four others. This included Jonathan Etherington, who has a PhD in chemistry from the USA and has been working on production in one of Biogenta’s manufacturing bases in Italy until recently. The other team members included two people from Biogenta’s research and development function (both based in South Africa) and the team was led by Kathryn Tate, originally from Australia, who has a PhD in molecular biology and is based within Biogenta’s support function as an IT specialist. This project involved long working hours but Kathryn Tate also made sure the team had time for some fun: team members spent quite a lot of time together outside work, even, on one occasion managing to go shark-fishing as well as regularly sampling the night life of Durban. (This is a fictional case study.) Case Study Two OUTBACK INC. Setting Tourism is a strong contributor to Australia’s economy, with over a half million people employed in the sector, and tourism spending reaching over $85 billion a year. The country promotes its beautiful landscapes, Aboriginal art and cultures, coastal lifestyles and the outback as the main attractions for visitors. Australia’s top five international tourism markets are New Zealand, the UK, Japan, the USA and China. Visitor numbers from China and India have grown strongly, while the number of Japanese and Korean tourists has declined in the last few years. China is now Australia’s fifth largest international tourism market, brining it into second place with New Zealand, and this is set to grow over the next decade. However, Australia’s share of global tourism continues to drop, with a decrease of 14 per cent between 1995 and 2008. Since its peak in 2001, it has also declined as a proportion of Australia’s gross domestic product. The Australian tourism industry continues to struggle from the effects of a series of crises, starting with a pilot strikes in 1989 and the worldwide economic outfalls of the Iraq War and the SARS outbreak. More recently, after four strike free years at Qantas, there has been a bitter pay dispute which closed the airline down in October this year. Qantas passengers could face further delays and cancellations after one of the unions locked in a wage dispute threatened more strikes and legal action if the airline did not improve its pay offer. Skilled staff shortages are also contributing to Australia’s tourism industry troubles, with an estimated 42,000 employees needed by 2015. Outback Inc Established in the early 1990s, Outback is an adventure-based tour company located in Sydney, Australia. The company offers a variety of services, including guided tours, accommodation and meals, to those wishing to visit remote and regional areas of Australia. Outback’s comprehensive packages of services have traditionally appealed to travellers from all over the world, particularly visitors from Japan, who typically make up over 80 per cent of their client base, but its product offering has not been updated for a number of years. Profitability has now been on a downward trend for some time and there is no clear vision or detailed strategy to move the company forward. Despite increased marketing efforts aimed at the general Asian market, the company has seen a decrease in bookings from its traditionally reliable Japanese sector. The poor exchange rate has negatively affected tourist numbers from the U. K. and Outback has yet to attract new clients from China or other Asian countries experiencing more favourable economic conditions. Although Outback grew from a small, family-owned business in the early 1990s to a moderately sized company with sales of several million dollars a year, it still retains its original functional organisational structure. Its Chief Executive Officer is a son of the original founder and his autocratic style of leadership, although dressed up in paternalism, has meant that he is not prepared to listen to staff members, particularly those at the lower end of the hierarchy. Outback’s managers, typically members of the company’s founding family, head up the various departments, which are structured around traditional functions such as marketing, finance and human resources. In order to satisfy the needs of family members, there are a number of hierarchical levels within the organisation which often negatively affects the organisation. There is limited teamwork and virtually no cross-functional working with each of the functions operating in a silo. At times this has resulted in a poor service to clients where their expectations have not been met, and the company has recently received some bad press in the Asian tourist magazines and newspapers. Although this is an adventure-based tour company, it is not a fun place to work and the culture and leadership style stifle creativity. As with most organisations in the hospitality field, the Outback management uses a traditional leadership style, with decisions made at the top levels of management and communicated downwards. The majority of Outback’s employees are young, highly motivated and eager for learning opportunities, but the company struggles to regain them, facing a turnover rate higher than even what is expected in an industry with a notorious turnover culture. Although the company does have its own website, management has been hesitant to move away from using standard travel agencies for their client booking purposes, which is relatively costly. Many of the younger staff have ideas on how to improve the product range, the service offered to clients and how to target the all important Asian market, but have given up voicing their ideas as these have not been listened to in the past and they are concerned about being blamed for the rise in client complaints. (This is a fictional case study which has been adapted from Bratton et al. , 2010) Specific assessment criteria for assignment one 70% + Extensive knowledge and understanding surrounding organisations and management is evident. A deep level of critical analysis has been provided throughout with coherent and convincing arguments made. Theory and practice (case studies) have been integrated convincingly. Analysis is supported by extensive reading (academic texts and journal articles). Conclusion is convincing, relevant and holistic. Written expression and referencing are excellent resulting in a credible assignment which is well-structured, concise and demonstrates clarity of thought. 60 – 69% Good knowledge and understanding surrounding organisations and management is evident. A good level of critical analysis is demonstrated and arguments are clear and structured. Theory and practice (case studies) have been integrated well. Analysis is supported by significant background reading (academic texts and journals). Conclusion summarises the key issues convincingly. Good referencing with consistent citation and listing. Written expression is good resulting in an assignment which is well-structured, clear and concise. 50 – 59% Sound knowledge and understanding surrounding organisations and management is evident. Generally good analysis is demonstrated and arguments are clear and structured. Theory and practice (case studies) have been integrated. Analysis is supported by background reading (academic texts). A satisfactory conclusion is included. An appropriate structure is used and style of writing is satisfactory. Referencing is to satisfactory standard. 40 – 49% Some knowledge and understanding surrounding organisations and management is evident. The assignment is more descriptive than analytical, but arguments are sufficiently identifiable and free of obvious contradiction. Limited integration of theory and practice (case studies). Limited background reading from academic sources to support the work. Conclusion is drawn, but not all key issues are included. The assignment is adequately referenced with an appropriate structure. Written expression is satisfactory, but there are weaknesses in the presentation. Fail – 39% and below Very limited knowledge and understanding surrounding organisations and management is evident. The assignment is very descriptive with poor application of relevant theories, concepts and models. Minimal evidence of further reading. No or limited conclusion. The report is weakly referenced and the structure is inadequate. Written expression is poor resulting in an assignment which lacks clarity. Overall the task is poorly presented and argued and does not achieve an adequate standard. ASSIGNMENT TWO Module Title: Introduction to People, Organisations and Management Module Code:BB130020SLevel: 1 Academic Year: 2011/12Semester: Two Module Leader:Hermione McIntosh Instructions:Answer all four questions Word Limit: 3000 words % Weighting:50% Written assignments must not exceed the specified maximum number of words. Assignments will not be accepted without a word count on the cover sheet. Submission Date:Tuesday, May 8, 2012 Work submitted after this date will receive a mark of 0 unless an extension has been approved in advance of this deadline. Requests for short-term extensions will only be considered in the case of illness or other cause considered valid by the Student Adviser. These must normally be received and agreed by Student Adviser in writing at least twenty four hours prior to the deadline. Please refer to the Academic Regulations or your Student Handbook for full details. Further details:This assignment must be completed individually. This assignment must be attached to a completed University Assignment Cover Sheet and accompanied by a completed University Assignment Receipt before submission. Any attachments (such as computer discs) must be marked with your SID number(s) and securely attached to your assignment before submission. Do not submit your work in a plastic sleeve. Complete ALL four of the following tasks. 1. What is personality? And what relevance has this concept to understanding behaviour in the workplace? 2. â€Å"Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour. † (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2010, p. 732) Explain this statement, showing how it relates to a learning theory that you have studied on this module and to your own approach to learning. 3. One way to understand different motivation theories is to interview your peers on what is important to them when choosing a job. Form a diverse study group, and discuss the following: How important is pay in choosing a job when you graduate? Is personal autonomy important in your work motivation? Explain your findings and discuss them in relation to appropriate motivation theory. 4. Choose FOUR barriers to communication and suggest, as a manager, how you might overcome such barriers. Within the 3,000 overall word limit, you should allocate words equally to each of the 4 tasks above. You should also illustrate your answer by referring to relevant literature, theory and experience. Each question is equally weighted in terms of the assessment marking. Specific Assessment Criteria for these written tasks: 70% + Extensive knowledge and understanding of the literature is evident. A considerable depth of application has been achieved with the literature and examples of practice. A high level of insight and thought is evident throughout the arguments made and the findings presented. Analysis is supported by extensive reading. Written expression and referencing are excellent; ideas are well structured, balanced, and succinct and demonstrate clarity of thought. 60-69% A good grasp of knowledge and understanding of the literature is evident. A very good depth of application has been achieved with the literature and examples of practice. A significant level of insight and thought is evident throughout the arguments made and the findings presented. Analysis is supported by good background reading. Written expression is of a very good standard and referencing is strong with consistent citation and listing. The ideas are well structured, balanced, and clear and concise 50-59% Sound knowledge and understanding of the literature is evident. Generally good application has been achieved with the literature and examples of practice. There is evidence of insight and thought throughout the arguments made and the findings presented. Analysis is supported by background reading. Written expression and referencing is of a satisfactory standard. The ideas are fairly well structured, and clear and concise. 40-49% Some knowledge and understanding of the literature is evident. Generally the work is more descriptive than applied. Limited evidence of insight and thought throughout the arguments made and the findings presented. Analysis is limited, and not all the key issues are addressed. Written expression and referencing is of a satisfactory standard, but there are weaknesses in the presentation. Fail – 30-39% Very limited knowledge and understanding of the literature is evident. The work is very descriptive with poor application of relevant theories and concepts. Minimal evidence of insight, thought and analysis. Written expression is poor resulting in writing which lacks clarity. Poor presentation overall, and does not achieve an adequate standard. 6. Assessment Criteria and Marking Standards ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY GENERIC ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND MARKING STANDARDS LEVEL 1 GenericLearning Outcomes(Academic Regulations, Section 2)| Assessment criteria by level| Marking standards (by mark band)| | | 70%+| 60-69%| 50-59%| 40-49%| 30-39%| 1-29%|. | Characteristics of student achievement per mark band >| Achieves module outcome/s related to this GLO at this Level of Study| Achieves module outcome/s related to this GLO at this Level of Study| Achieves module outcome/s related to this GLO at this Level of Study | Achieves a marginal pass in the module outcome/s related to this GLO at this Level of Study| Fails marginally to achieve module outcome/s related to this GLO. MDF may permit compensation | Fails to achieve module outcome/s related to this GLO and is not eligible for compensation | Knowledge and Understanding | Level 1 (FHEQ level 4) intr.

International Strategies an Oranizational Design Essay

International Strategies an Oranizational Design - Essay Example s the responsibility of the CEO to conceptualize and chart the strategic plan of the business to ensure the health and viability of the organization under his direction. Below him are functional managers whose leadership, -- such as in marketing, finance, production and R&D -- will help enable the company to achieve effective results through division by specialization. Despite lack of general management orientation, they are important role players in the implementation of the overall strategy of the business. Because of the level and intensity of competition in the global markets, the companys international strategy must be prepared carefully and employed dynamically so that the company can survive and earn above-average returns in both the short and long term. The global planning process starts with the CEO taking the initiative or recognizing the need for a global strategic planning. While plans can exist solely in the mind of the CEO, a formal and rational planning process is necessary in order to obtain participation and commitment of those who will execute the plan. The major activities in such planning activity involves the following: 1) defining the mission and major goals and objectives of the organization, 2) analyzing the internal and external environments, 3) choosing the business model and strategies that will align or fit an organizations strengths and weaknesses with the opportunities and threats of the external environment; 4 adopting the organizational design or structures of the organization, and 5) the establishing of control systems to ensure proper implementation, monitoring and evaluation. A feedback mechanism may suggest changes in the components of the plan so that corrective action can be carried out. A SWOT analysis will identify the fit between the existing resources and competencies of the organization and the opportunities and threats in the external environment. What is perhaps of major importance is for the organization

CJ6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJ6 - Essay Example Its evolution further included thief catchers and legislations but increase in crime rates let to establishment of a formal police force in the 17th century. Position of the sheriff was established with duties such as apprehension, tax collection, and management of public funds but crimes continued to increase. Texas Rangers was then formed in 1823 to protect settlers’ interest and became a lawful entity after 1870. Other agencies were also forms such as Federal Marshals (1989) and Metropolitan Police Force (1845). The current police system in the United States is however more complex, the most complex in the world, and exist at federal, state, county, local, and private levels. The federal branch is part of the executive government branch and enforces provisions of the US criminal code and consists of the FBI, ATF, US Marshals Service, Homeland Security, Customers and border Protection, Secret Service, Coast Guard, IRS, and US Postal Service. State police force exists in every state with limited jurisdiction of enforcing state laws in their states. Counties and municipals also have their police systems headed by county sheriffs and enforce laws within their geographical jurisdictions. The private police sector is another branch and is significant in apprehending

Negative effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) & Sodium Laureth Essay

Negative effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) & Sodium Laureth Sulfate(SLES) on the health - Essay Example 1). If these two chemicals are being used in products that most of us use everyday, we can argue that SLS and SLES must and should be safe and should not be detrimental to our health but sadly, this is not the case. SLS and SLES are actually cheap ingredients, which is why they are commonly used in soaps and shampoos but they are probably the most dangerous ingredients in our personal care products (Kramer, "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Laureth Sulfate," par. 1). There are lots of studies which have shown that there are indeed possible ill effects that SLS and SLES may bring to us. Sodium lauryl sulfate is being used for clinical testing as a skin irritant wherein the skin of test animals and humans are being irritated with SLS then healing agents are tested to determine the effectiveness of those agents to skin irritated by sodium lauryl sulfate (Kramer, "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Laureth Sulfate," par. 2). ... 3) According to a report published in the Journal of The American College of Toxicology in 1983, SLS "concentrations as low as 0.5% could cause irritation and concentrations of 10- 30% caused skin corrosion and severe irritation" (qtd. in "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES)," par.4). We should not wait for the time when we experience skin irritation; we can already take an action by throwing out whatever products we have that contain SLS or SLES. In addition to being skin irritants, SLS and SLES are also eye irritants and can even cause eye deformities. Experimental, acute eye tests have revealed that, a solution of 10 percent SLS caused corneal damage to the rabbit's eyes if not irrigated or irritation is delayed and a solution of 5.1 percent caused mild irritation (Steinman, "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate," par. 6). We are not rabbits but most of us have already experienced eye irritation when we use personal care products like shampoos. If we really want to protect our eyes, let us avoid SLS and SLES containing products. SLS may also be damaging to the immune system due to its protein denaturing properties (Steinman, "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate," par. 5). Furthermore, SLS that has been absorbed by the body from skin application is said to mimic the activity of the hormone estrogen and estrogen levels are said to be associated with health problems like PMS, menopausal symptoms, dropping male fertility, and cancers in women like breast cancer ("Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES)," par. 8). In relation to cancer, SLS and SLES are also said to be carcinogenic because they may cause potentially carcinogenic nitrates and dioxins to form in shampoos and cleansers by reacting with commonly used ingredients

PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PROJECT - Assignment Example The management has to determine and evaluate the performance of each employee which is difficult. Decreasing the labor force also demotivates the remaining work force which may result in poor performance and the management has to assure the remaining employees of a long term relationship and motivate them. This article will cover the strategies of reducing the workforce and include other changes that can be adopted to improve the overall performance of the organization (University of Washington n.d) We have to bear in mind the laws governing employment termination, treat the employees fairly, preserve and protect the employee’s dignity, make the reasons for termination confidential and handle the termination process professionally. We can adopt various strategies to measure the performance of the employees in order to know which employees should be terminated. The first measure is to determine the quantity in terms of units produced by the employee in case of a production industry which can be quantified. The other factor to be considered is the quality of the goods produced or the services offered. Quality can be determined by complaints received from customers, the output that has to be redone and the quantity of work rejected. Timeliness should be considered in terms of the speed of completion of activities. We should also evaluate the cases of delays of an employee in completing the tasks assigned and in the case of a manufacturing industry, determine the number of u nits produced per hour (Hakala 2008). We should as well consider the cost-effectiveness of each employee. This will determine the responsibility of each employee in terms of cost control over the organizational spending. This should also include misuse of organizational resources such as using organizational vehicles for personal convenience. We should evaluate absenteeism of

Actions Speaks Louder Words Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Actions Speaks Louder Words - Assignment Example To attest that I have changed physically, some of my friends five years was not able to recognize me now. 5. These sports include chess, swimming etc. Of the two kind of sports, I enjoy playing individual sports more than team sports because I can play it anytime compared to team sports where I have to wait for other people before I can play. 6. For me, the best age to marry is around age 30 to 35. It is because during that time, I have already gained enough experience in life and have enjoyed my single life. By that time also, I have already enough savings to afford a family of my own. 7. A good teacher has to be an authority in the subject that he or she teaches. He or she should also be understanding about the different learning style of students. To be an authority in a subject meant that he or she is knowledgeable about the subject and has the credentials to back it up. A good teacher should also be able to know the best way to teach a student. For example, there are students who learn best through experience while there are others who learn better with the use of visual aids. 8. I do not agree that haste makes waste. Doing things quickly does not necessarily mean that one is bound to make a mistake. For example, finishing a term paper quickly does not mean that I am bound to make mistakes or doing it wrong. It is just I happen to know the topic by heart. 9. The most difficult aspects of learning a new language is learning its proper pronunciation.

Thawing permafrost Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thawing permafrost - Term Paper Example 99 percent of Greenland, 40 to 50 percent of Canada, and about 20 percent of Far East especially in China is permafrost. This distribution is affected by air temperature close to the ground and to a smaller degree the depth of snow, the direction the sun is facing, vegetation, types of soil, adjacent water bodies, and heat emanating from earth’s core. Permafrost may occur in any area with an annual average air temperature that is below freezing that is air temperature that is below 32F (0C) or what is commonly known as subzero air temperature. Snow on the surface of the permafrost, insulates and compliments the effective effect of the temperature of the air close to the ground, this results in air temperatures of up to 42.8 F, this might be higher than the local mean annual air temperature. The process of permafrost happen in millennia , this mostly happened during the ice age period and they include the contents of the ground before they were frozen such as solid rock, soft s oil deposits, gravel, and other organic materials in the soil. Introduction The occurrence of permafrost is not universal, that is the reason that permafrost are categorized into different zones, the categorization takes into account the percentage of land area covered by permafrost. The continuous permafrost zones contain permafrost that is 90 -100 percent of the land area; discontinuous zones have permafrost of between 50 to 90 percent ; sporadic permafrost have between 10 to 50 percent and finally isolated patches have underlying permafrost content of less than 10 percent (Salvatore et al. 76). In permafrost regions, the outlying layer is known as the active layer, it is on the surface of the soil, it usually thaws at the beginning of spring through the summer, attaining maximum depth in the late summer. At the onset of winter, the active layer freezes extending until very late in the season or just at the beginning of spring. The thickness of the active layer stretches from a me re 15 cm or less usually found in the coast of the Arctic coast to about 3 meters or even more in Southern Siberia, European Alps and in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The thickness or depth of the permafrost from the permafrost table to the permafrost base is determined by two factors, first, active layer freezing; secondly, the heat emanating from the earth core, the unfrozen layer. Temperatures of permafrost at greater depths reveal unpredictability in climate conditions for extended time durations; this is because heat spreads gradually throughout permafrost. In addition, the report further says that the temperatures in the ground implies the inconsistency in the air temperature, but becomes increasingly inactive with increasing depth. Temperatures of the permafrost are not affected by seasonal variations, such as summer and winter, at all. The mean annual ground temperature that are below the depth of zero annual amplitude reflect past and present long term in changes in mean cli mate conditions or regimes(Woods and Alter 92). The depth of zero annual amplitude varies from a few meters in discontinuous permafrost zones to over 20 meters in continuous permafrost regions (Thomas and Andrew 365). The purpose of this paper is to attempt to have a deeper understanding of the concept of permafrost thawing, and the consequences of such an eventuality; on the people and the environment. The impacts of permafrost thaw Thawing of permafrost results in

The effect of drying process in Micro Brushes Case Study - 1

The effect of drying process in Micro Brushes - Case Study Example This implies that the surface tension is not strong enough to accommodate the increase in the pillar elasticity (Tresco 350). The elastic modulus of the pillars can also be altered by adding a softener to the original polymer so as to decrease the stiffness of the pillars or mixing the polymers with Si nanoparticles to increase stiffness of the pillars. The result that the number of posts per assembly is inversely proportional to the modulus. When either the diameter or the modulus increases, the observed range of assembly size decreases, showing that the range is proportional to the maximum assembly size (Decker 620). Figures a, b and c above shows the effect of the pillar modulus concerning the size and arrangement of accumulated clusters. Figure d shows the plot of the number of posts per assembly as a function of the modulus for a certain given diameter (Kang et al. 6325). Evaporation-induced self-assembly in the micro brushes is due to the competition that exists between the capillary and the Van Der Waals forces. The inter pillar adhesion is also important in determining the nature of the final assembly of the micro bristles. The assembly is normally biphasic. The second phase is very much observable when the pillar stiffness is relatively high as observed in SEM image S2G. A large assembly forms under the influence of the capillary force but as the liquid dries, it breaks into smaller clusters that are equal to the immediate precursors. Given the fact that adhesion alone balances the elastic deformation in the dry system, it is observable that adhesion is not sufficient to maintain the last storage of the assembly. The balance between the adhesion and the elasticity determines the number of hierarchical stages that will be preserved in the micro bristles in the micro brushes. The balance between the elasticity and the capillary will determine the m aximum size that the micro

Compare and Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare and Contract - Essay Example The methodology is an evolutional process is which the findings change and evolve throughout the study. In contrast using a quantitative research approach starts with a specific research objective and through the process of gathering statistical data confirms the initial objectives of the study. In quantitative research collection of statistical data is used to investigate and answer research questions (Christensen, et al, 2011, p. 29). Researchers using a quantitative research approach will interpret and format numerical data systematically to produce evidence to support the research objective(s). In using the template for analyzing research both the Zoo Research Study and the Event Path Research for Professionals were similar in that each contained the majority of the items suggested allowing for a thorough examination. The problems and/or objective of the study (ies) were identified and verifiable citations were presented throughout the reports. The studies identified the specific populations targeted, the data collecting methods used; the studies presented the hypothesis, findings, limitations, and suggestions for future research studies to broaden the knowledge base on the subjects studied. Even though the populations of the individual studies were different with the Zoo Study focused primarily on children in grades K-12, and the Event Path Research examined adults, both studies sought to understand cognition, how to increase critical thinking, and enhancing problem solving skills. In contrast the research methodologies and approaches were different. The study involving the impact of field trips to aquariums, zoos, and nature parks on children used a â€Å"mixed† research design in which qualitative and quantitative methods were combined. The use of interviews and observations along with statistical data helped researcher form conclusions and base

EBay and Siebel Companies Essay Example for Free

EBay and Siebel Companies Essay EBay EBay is an American, online auction and shopping company in which people and businesses buys and sells goods and services worldwide over the internet. It is a well established company with localized websites in several other countries. The website was established in 1995 in San Jose, California by a French born Iranian computer programmer Pierre Omidyar (Patsuris, 2003). Anything can be sold at eBay as long as it is not an illegal. For example appliances, computers, furniture, equipments and vehicles are listed, bought and sold daily. Large international companies such as IBM sell their newest products and other services on eBay using competitive auctions and fixed-priced storefronts. The company has a well structured eBay express site that acts as a standard internet shopping site for consumers who own United States addresses. EBay generates revenue from a number of fees charged on its services based on various factors. Siebel Siebel systems Inc is a software company that deals in the design, development, marketing and support of customer relationship management (CRM) applicants. The company was founded by Thomas Siebel in 1993.  Initially it was known for its sales force automation products. Later, it expanded into the broader customer service applications that included customer relationship management (CRM) (Kerstetter, 2003). The company benefited from the explosive growth of the CRM market in the late 1990’s. By 1999, Siebel systems was the fastest growing company in United States. With growth of electronic commerce, Siebel formed strategic alliances and made several acquisitions to provide e-business solution for CRM and related areas. The two companies have for a long time experienced a massive growth. They have enjoyed prominence in the market since early 1990’s. However they seem to have taken totally different directions. Whereas eBay is still expanding incredibly, Siebel is on the verge of collapse. EBay has indeed developed superbly from its humble beginning. Currently, at least 30 million people buy and sell over 20 billion dollars in merchandise. Over 150, 000 entrepreneurs earn a living selling on eBay. The company provides a new way of doing business. EBay has an exceptional educational system that teaches people on how to sell on its website. It has a payment system that allows buyers to make electronic payments to sellers who can’t afford a merchant credit card account (Hof, 2003). The company has a different way of management in this era. Through the web, eBay citizens have a full time access to every activity performed in the company. The whole system is very transparent. Products and services are subjected to close scrutiny by customers before any business deal is undertaken. (Hof, 2003). The transparency involved in eBay business makes customers and vendors to be collaborators and colleagues. The company has a superb management that can be borrowed by many. It is based on cooperation and finesse not coercion and force. EBay executives work like civil servants rather than corporate managers (Hof, 2003). This enables the company to stay in touch with the needs of customers. This approach offers a lot of benefits to the company. Good management at eBay is shown by its financials. The company profits shot from 176 to 250 million dollars in the year 2002. Net sales from transaction fees on 15 million dollars in gross revenue hit 1. 2 billion dollars (Hof, 2003). This growth has made the company enjoy supremacy in the market. The company has done well to reduce problems of shipping goods, simplifying payments and cracking down crooks on the site. The company always listens to the needs of customers to improve its services. This is done through constant meetings with sellers and buyers asking for their opinions, complains, and suggestion to improve their services (Hof, 2003). As a result users feel part of the company and take necessary initiatives to expand the company’s economy. EBay has a well organized way ensuring security of its business. It has a special police unit that helps to crack down any fraud activities which can turn off prospective customers. It has a Trust and safety department staffed by several EBay employees all over the world (Hof, 2003). As businesses on EBay grow larger, the market is also expanding. As EBay is achieving financial supremacy Siebel takes an opposite route. Although the two companies started almost at the same level, Siebel currently faces a stiff competition from other companies. It has been on the down ward trend in recent years. The giant company of 1990’s has collapsed than its rivals. For example, revenue in 2002 lost by 22% to reach at 1. 5 million dollars. The stock price faced a massive drop by 94% to reach 8. dollars from its peak of 119 dollars in the year 2000 (Kerstetter, 2003). The company has lost touch with customers. Customers are extremely reluctant to buy company products. It has of recent past suffered from bad publicity, as customers show dissatisfaction. It has lost its strong ground to corporate application leader (SAP). The reputation of the company has been lost. In 2002 the company’s share of customer-management market flopped from 29% to 23% (Kerstetter, 2003). The company faces a managerial crisis. The management is continuously shuffled in pursue of the lost glory. Although the company has introduced new technologies, still the sales are growing weaker every year. However the leaders fail to acknowledge that a problem is looming in the company. As software market grows yearly, Siebel systems can no longer dominate it. The competition has grown so strong that Siebel might never recover. Research show that, the company revenue has been falling at an alarming rate. Many corporations that used to deal with the company currently prefer suppliers who offer broad range of integrated products like corporate planning and human resources (Kerstetter, 2003). The company has done little to decrease the growing number of dejected customers who have lost faith in the company. Many complain of having not met their target even after two years. However top managers still do not realize the problem. The company is trying to develop new technologies as a way of bouncing back to the market. However this is a big gamble. The competing companies like SAP have gained a lot of momentum and will still offer stiff challenge (Kerstetter, 2003). Siebel need to undertake major changes to enable it recover. However this is a journey that will need a total overhaul of the administration and a change in strategies. Unless an urgent step is taken, Siebel will collapse totally. The two companies EBay and Siebel differ a lot because of the path they follow. As EBay enjoys an upward surge to economic and financial superiority, Siebel is struggling a lot. The companies also not only differ in their fortunes but also in their administration setup. EBay has put all the necessary administrational techniques to ensure that the company competes favorably in the market. EBay tends to take into consideration the interests of the customers more than Siebel. The company still holds a lot of following from its customers who are increasing all over the world. The company has superb strategies that make them a force in today’s global market. Siebel need to go back to the drawing board if at all they hope to change the turn of events. The two companies offer a lot of lessons to business, management and all financial undertakings. It is evident that managerial skills are very vital in enabling companies to grow (Hof, 2003). Unless an exciting and creative management is in place, business undertakings can never achieve the best. The management ought to be enterprising and ready to undertake constant changes as a way of keeping the companies alive in the ever changing global market. It is also important to take note of the ever changing consumer needs. All business companies should direct their business towards the needs of consumers. Unless consumers have faith in the company, success will always be elusive. Many companies collapse due to failure to acknowledge the need to keep consumers always in mind. Companies should be ready to shift their short term objectives as consumer needs shift. Technology also plays a big role in the business industry. It is an important factor in any business undertaking. Successful companies embrace new and advanced technology to boast their output (Kerstetter, 2003). That is the only way that customers can stick to the company because of superior output. Companies should strive to embrace new technology to enable favorable competition in the market. It is also important for companies to undertake a thorough research always. Research enables them to read the market trends. In that way companies can be able to keep in touch with the latest market trends.  This can also help to shape the production channels according to the market trend. Companies and business enterprises ought to device means and ways of maintaining faith and trust of their customers. There should be a way of keeping customers hooked up to the company and opening it up for many others. Skillful management can enable companies achieve this. All successful businesses always keep these in mind. As long as a company has good management, respect and trust from customers, it will be easy to introduce new products in the market. EBay serves as an example to be followed by all business enterprises.

Detente Was Caused By Political And Economic Motivations History Essay

Detente Was Caused By Political And Economic Motivations History Essay In the context of the Cold War, dà ©tente (the French word for relaxation) was an easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. It lasted through the 1970s, starting with the Nixon administration and ending with the Carter administration. Dà ©tente was mainly caused by political and economic motivations. The Sino-Soviet Split strained relations between the Soviet Union and China, the two largest Communist countries at the time. As China began to form a more diplomatic relationship with the United States, evidenced by President Nixons visit to China in 1972, the USSR feared that an alliance between the two countries would undermine its power, prompting it to seek amicable relations with the United States as well. Economic motivations were also a factor. Before dà ©tente, both the US and the USSR stockpiled weapons to keep on par with the other it was believed that Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) could be averted only if both countries had the same nuclear capability. However, nuclear arms buildup was proving to be more and more unfeasible for both countries. In the United States, a combination of arms buildup and the Vietnam War strained the federal budget and stifled President Johnson and Nixons domestic policy of the expanding social welfare. Naturally, dà ©tente led to greater cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Probably the most significant act of cooperation between the two countries was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (dubbed SALT I) of 1972, an agreement that limited nuclear arms production for both countries. During the same year, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limited systems that defended against Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). The Apollo-Soyuz project in July 1975 was a space flight cooperative between the two countries, where American astronauts worked collaboratively alongside Russian cosmonauts on scientific experiments. The project eased Space Race tensions and provided a foundation for future space cooperatives such as the International Space Station. Cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union also extended economically, as the US shipped grain to the USSR after the failure of its collectivized agriculture program, where the state controlled large conglomerate farms. Unfortunately, however, dà ©tente was abandoned by the 1980s. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan forced President Jimmy Carter to abandon the SALT II talks that were in progress and to increase US military spending. President Reagan continued the increase of Cold War tensions throughout his presidency, until the collapse of the Soviet Union by the end of the 1980s. Diogenes -412 BCE to 323 BCE -Greek Philosopher, co-founder of Cynic philosophy -Life -Born in Sinope, a Greek colony -Worked with father as a banker, exiled for defacing currency -Traveled to Greece and made a personal goal of challenging the status quo -Became the pupil of the ascetic Antisthenes, who was a pupil of Socrates -Captured by pirates on his way to Aegina; sold to the Corinthian Xeniades; tutored Xeniades sons and lived in Corinth for the rest of his life -Divergent stories of his death: held his breath, infection from a dog bite, complications from eating a raw octopus; supposedly, he left instructions to be cast outside the wall of the city after he died so that animals could eat his carcass -Philosophy -None of his written works survive; anecdotes about his life provide the source for his philosophy -Protested against the artificial material comforts of society and called for a return to a simplistic life in harmony with nature -Obscene: urinated and defecated and masturbated in public -Called himself a citizen of the world, a cosmopolite, at an era where ones social standing was intimately tied with ones city-state. -Diogenes the Dog: -The word cynic is derived from the Greek word meaning dog -Living shamelessly -Extolled the dogs honest simple living and mocked the artifice and hypocrisy of civilized living -Anecdotes -Threw away his wooden bowl as a child so he could drink from his hands -Said to have lived in a tub -Walked with a lamp in broad daylight, as he was looking for humans -When Alexander asked him if there was a favor he wanted, he told Alexander to stand out of his sunlight Diogenes Diogenes was a Greek philosopher who lived from 412 BCE to 323 BCE. As a co-founder of the Cynic philosophy, he is famous for anecdotes of his asceticism and disregard for social conventions. Born in Sinope, a Greek colony, in his youth Diogenes worked with his father as a banker. He was exiled from the city after he was found complicit in a controversy surrounding the defacement of currency. After being exiled, he settled in Athens and made a personal commitment to challenge the status quo there. He subscribed to the ascetic philosophy of Antisthenes, who was a pupil of Socrates, and became his only pupil. At some point in time, he was captured by pirates on his way to visit the Greek city of Aegina. The pirates then sold him to a Corinthian man named Xeniades. Diogenes tutored Xeniades sons and lived in Corinth for the rest of his life. There are multiple accounts of his death: he either died by holding his breath, by an infection from a dog bite, or from complications after eating raw octopus. Supposedly, he left instructions to be cast outside the wall of the city after he died so that animals could eat his carcass. While it is believed that Diogenes had a respectable body of written work, none survive today; only anecdotes about his life provide the source for his philosophy. As a Cynic, he protested against the artificial material comforts of society and called for a return to a simplistic life in harmony with nature. In perhaps the most famous anecdote about Diogenes, Alexander the Great, awed by the great philosopher, asked him what favor could he do for him. Diogenes only asked Alexander to step away, for he was blocking the sunlight. During a time when success was measured in material gains, he lived in destitute poverty. It was said that, as a young boy, he cast away his wooden bowl so that he could drink from his hands. During a time when ones social standing was intimately tied with ones city-state, he called himself a citizen of the world a cosmopolite. As Diogenes lampooned the follies of man, he praised the virtues of the dog indeed, the word cynic is derived from the Greek word me aning dog. He himself was comparable to a dog, as he lived shamelessly he often defecated and urinated in public, much to the chagrin of the people around him. Because of his radical break from the traditions of his time, Diogenes is still well-remembered today. He is often seen as a symbol of truth and honesty an image of candid, if eccentric, simplicity against corrupt artificiality.

Compatibility Of Divine Foreknowledge With Human Freedom Philosophy Essay

Compatibility Of Divine Foreknowledge With Human Freedom Philosophy Essay In this essay I will discuss Leibnizs position that divine foreknowledge of all events is compatible with human freedom and why it is that I agree with his position. To do so, I will first discuss Leibnizs position. Next, I will discuss what divine foreknowledge is and what human freedom is, so that it will be much easier to understand Leibnizs position. Following these descriptions I will provide Leibnizs conclusion and then show that his position is in fact correct due to the lack of contradiction between the two concepts that would have made divine foreknowledge and human freedom incompatible. Leibniz believes that divine foreknowledge, meaning Gods prior knowledge of every action, occurrence or event, is compatible with human freedom (Schlà ¶sser) which means that there is no contradiction between the two and that they go hand-in-hand. This mention of compatibility shows that Leibniz believes that divine foreknowledge works with human freedom and does not disrupt freedom in any manner. Before venturing on with Leibnizs position, it is best to first describe the two concepts in which Leibniz is considering which is Divine foreknowledge and human freedom. Divine foreknowledge is the knowledge of the world and everything within it which is preordained by a divine figure, which in this case is God (Schlà ¶sser). This concept of divine foreknowledge assumes that everything in the past and things in the future, that have not occurred yet, have already been seen and put in place by God. The concept of divine foreknowledge can be related to a priori truths (Leibniz 31) because the ability to know and see everything prior to its occurrence leaves no room for truth without all possible facts. What I mean by this is that, since God has created all and has the ability to see everything in that past, present and future, it is impossible for the truth/knowledge to be without factual backgrounds and is therefore a priori. Divine foreknowledge also follows the principle of contradiction which relates to all truths that concern possible or essences and the impossibility of a thing or its necessity (Leibniz 19). There is quite a difference in terms of human knowledge as human knowledge contains both a priori and non a priori truths. The reason for this is because humans do not possess the unlimited knowledge as divine foreknowledge does. This means that humans are incapable of knowing everything in the past, present and future which deems their knowledge very limited and cannot possess the ability to know everything with complete factual backing. There are truths in human knowledge which are a priori such as there is no effect without a cause (Leibniz 31) but there are also non a priori truths that humans are subject to such as, a hundred people on Earth, weigh the same as a hundred people in an unknown universe, which cannot be proved because this unknown universe has no factual backing to it to prove this claim, yet the truth/claim still exists. A good example of divine foreknowledge, given by Leibniz, is Julius Caesar and his rise to dictator and emperor of Rome (45). Leibniz writes that it is within Caesars notion, or natu re, as predetermined by God, that Caesar would overthrow the Roman Empire (45). Leibniz does not say that to do the opposite (i.e. not overthrow the Empire) would be impossible but seeing that it has been predetermined it is impossible (45). That may seem confusing, but what Leibniz means is that Caesar always had the choice to do the opposite but chose to overthrow the Empire, and the foreknowledge of this event is irrelevant in the choice that was made. Leibniz states that to find a connection between the subject, Caesar, and the predicate, his successful undertaking, he would in fact be showing that Caesars future dictatorship is grounded in his notion or nature (45), which is a predetermination of God but still is founded on free will as the decision to [cross] the Rubicon and [win] rather than [lose] at Pharsalus was based purely on reason and not cause (45). With this example, Leibniz is able to show not only how divine foreknowledge works, but also its connection and compatib ility with human freedom. Human freedom, as described by Leibniz, is any action that is committed purely out of personal views, beliefs, goals, et cetera (Schlà ¶sser). This action cannot be influenced by any other source outside of ones own self, else the action cannot be deemed as free (Schlà ¶sser). Also, it is merely reasons that guide us rather than the cause, which means we do things based primarily on a reason to do so instead of committing actions consistently for the same cause as everyone else, which is to say we were being controlled at every moment. Human freedom is different, in a sense, than that of divine freedom. Human freedom is limited purely by the person committing the action and his/her morals, beliefs and values (Schlà ¶sser) that back the action, while divine freedom is somewhat similar in its limits where the actions are limited purely by doing the right thing and not the wrong. Overall both freedoms are similar in that they are limited by some form of morality or belief, one of the only differences being that there is still the free will to choose ones action (Schlà ¶sser) over preordained divine freedom which is already set in stone. Therefore if free will is based primarily on ones own self and nothing else, then it is safe to assume, still, that Gods foreknowledge of these events is compatible. Leibniz has shown what it means to have free will and what divine foreknowledge is, as I have discussed. What must now be discussed is what makes divine knowledge so compatible with human freedom? At first, it seems as if God already knows whats going to happen before it even occurs, but then it couldnt be possible for humans to have free will as their every action had been preordained. However, this is not the case. It may be the case that God does has foreknowledge of every event, even prior to its creation, but what allows for human freedom to exist is that it is the person who commits the action at that point and time (Schlà ¶sser). God may have pre-existing knowledge of what you are going to do, but God does not control your actions every step of the way. It is still the person who makes the choice based on their own reason (Schlà ¶sser). Unlike a machine (Schlà ¶sser), humans have the option to choose a different path regardless of divine foreknowledge. This can be seen in t he world everyday with overbearing amounts of sin. These sins were also predetermined but not prevented by God (Schlà ¶sser), because if all foreseen sinful acts were prevented than there would be no existing human freedom and therefore divine foreknowledge would, instead, not be compatible with human freedom as the two concepts would create a contradiction. That being said, since there is sin in the world, it means that God has allowed for humans to make their own decisions based on their own reasons, beliefs, nature, et cetera, which means that human freedom does exist, even when the event at hand had been foreseen by God. Therefore, Leibniz can conclude that divine foreknowledge is in fact compatible with human freedom. I am in complete agreement with Leibnizs position on human freedom and divine foreknowledge. Leibnizs concept of divine foreknowledge not interfering with human freedom appears to be sound in its explanation. There would be more issues concerning freedom if divine foreknowledge had any effect directly on human decision in real-time. This means that as the decision to act is being made, a divine being is there to bend our choices to the right decision (i.e. a puppeteer). If this is the case then there would not be any free will in existence because, as Leibniz notes in his explanation of free will, our will is being governed by some external force (Schlà ¶sser). Therefore the action committed is not a free choice but a controlled one. I believe Leibniz is correct in saying that divine foreknowledge is not a problem for human freedom because this knowledge of all events is predetermined long before the existence of such events and therefore has no direct effect on human freedom to cho ose between the right and wrong decision. There is another way to look at this scenario that may better solidify Leibnizs claims (other than the Caesar example). To stray away from divinity for a moment, lets say that there is an ordinary man who can see into the future. This man has a vision that a teenage thug is going to steal a purse from a store in downtown Toronto. Moments later a teenager walks into a purse store. At this very moment, the teenager has the choice to do the right thing and rather purchase a purse or leave the store empty handed. The other option is to do the wrong thing and steal the purse. This choice is what determines the existence of free will. The teenager chooses to steal the purse for her own reasoning and leaves the store. I will now pose the following question: is the mans ability to foresee this theft a disruption of the existence of this teenagers freedom? The answer is simply, no. This vision, or foreknowledge, is simply an ability to foresee other humans making their choices to do good and bad things and not the ability to command or change a persons mind to choose right over wrong, as this would disrupt human freedom. This example provides a well-rounded and more up to date explanation of Leibnizs claim. The only difference would be that the man with visions could choose to stop the person from doing what is wrong, which is a little different from God, who has known about all events prior to their creation but will not interfere with free will. To make the example a little more satisfying, we can say that the time between the vision and the action is mere milliseconds, so that no disruption will be provided to intervene with free will. All-in-all the mere fact that God allows for sin to occur and that he is all knowing shows that this divine figure does not wish to intervene in human free will and change the outcomes. Just like the man with the visions, God has foreseen a humans every action but what God sees is free will in action as the person chooses to commit right and wrong actions. By no means does foreseeing an event occur, grant that that something or someone is being controlled. If it were the case that foreseen actions were tampered with, then human freedom would not exist. The same can be said for the man with visions. If the man decided to assist those people he foresaw in charging their ways to the right decision (not taking into account the very minute time gap put in place between vision and action) he would also be interfering with another persons free will, but at the same time is making use of his freedom of choice in order to help this person. This means that the man must implement his free will in order to do the right thing (although it can be argued whether interfering with another persons free will can in fact be considered the right thing to do). Therefore this example shows that the mere foreknowledge of an event does not mean that it contradicts free will, which means that div ine foreknowledge is in fact compatible with human freedom and also that Leibniz is correct. In conclusion, I have discussed Leibnizs position, that divine foreknowledge of all events is compatible with human freedom, by providing an explanation of what divine foreknowledge is and what it means to have free will in accordance with Leibniz. I then grouped the two concepts and explained why Leibniz thought they were compatible and then provided Leibnizs example of Julius Caesar and divine foreknowledge to show this. I then concluded this essay with why I agree with Leibnizs position and provided an example of my own, regarding a man who has visions of the future, to provide a better understanding of Leibnizs position without the use of divine characters. After careful consideration of Leibnizs position and reasoning I have concluded that Leibniz is correct in his position and divine foreknowledge poses no contradiction to human freedom and is indeed compatible with it.